Chapter 5: Concepts Review

Which of the following statements about X rays and radio waves is not true? -X rays have higher frequency than radio waves. -X rays and radio waves are both forms of light, or electromagnetic radiation. -X rays travel through space faster than radio waves. -X rays have shorter wavelengths than radio waves.

Which of the following statements about thermal radiation is always true? -A hot object emits more radiation per unit surface area than a cool object. -All the light emitted by hot object has higher energy than the light emitted by a cooler object. -A hot object produces more total infrared emission than a cooler object. -A cold object produces more total infrared and radio emission per unit surface area than a hot object.

All of the following statements about the Sun's corona are true. Which one explains why it is a source of X rays? The corona lies above the visible surface of the Sun. The temperature of the corona's gas is some 1 to 2 million Kelvin. The corona's gas consists mostly of hydrogen and helium. The corona's structure is largely shaped by magnetic fields.

Suppose you are listening to a radio station that broadcasts at a frequency of 97 Mhz (megahertz). Which of the following statements is true? The radio station broadcasts its signal with a power of 97 million watts. The radio waves from the radio station are causing electrons in your radio's antenna to move up and down 97 million times each second. The "radio waves" received by your radio are not light waves like those we talk about in astronomy, but rather are a special type of sound wave. The radio waves from the radio station have a wavelength of 97 million meters.

If we observe one edge of a planet to be redshifted and the opposite edge to be blueshifted, what can we conclude about the planet?

Laboratory measurements show hydrogen produces a spectral line at a wavelength of 486.1 nanometers (nm). A particular star's spectrum shows the same hydrogen line at a wavelength of 486.0 nm. What can we conclude?

Which of the following best describes why we say that light is an electromagnetic wave? The passage of a light wave can cause electrically charged particles to move up and down. The term electromagnetic wave arose for historical reasons, but we now know that light has nothing to do with either electricity or magnetism. Light can be produced only by electric or magnetic appliances. Light is produced only when massive fields of electric and magnetic energy collide with one another.

Which of the following conditions lead you to see an absorption line spectrum from a cloud of gas in interstellar space? The cloud is extremely hot. The cloud is visible primarily because it reflects light from nearby stars. The cloud is cool and lies between you and a hot star. The cloud is cool and very dense, so that you cannot see any objects that lie behind it.

Suppose a photon has a frequency of 300 million hertz (300 megahertz). What is its wavelength?

Suppose that Star X and Star Y both have redshifts, but Star X has a larger redshift than Star Y. What can you conclude?

Studying a spectrum from a star can tell us a lot. All of the following statements are true except one. Which statement is not true? We can identify chemical elements present in the star by recognizing patterns of spectral lines that correspond to particular chemicals. The total amount of light in the spectrum tells us the star's radius. The peak of the star's thermal emission tells us its temperature: hotter stars peak at shorter (bluer) wavelengths. Shifts in the wavelengths of spectral lines compared to the wavelengths of those same lines measured in a laboratory on Earth can tell us the star's speed toward or away from us.

Suppose that two stars are identical in every way for example, same distance, same mass, same temperature, same chemical composition, and same speed relative to Earthexcept that one star rotates faster than the other. Spectroscopically, how could you tell the stars apart?

Betelgeuse is the bright red star representing the left shoulder of the constellation Orion. All the following statements about Betelgeuse are true. Which one can you infer from its red color? It is much brighter than the Sun. It is moving away from us. It is much more massive than the Sun. Its surface is cooler than the surface of the Sun.

Which of the following statements is true of green grass? It absorbs red light and reflects green light. It absorbs red light and emits green light. It transmits all colors of light except green. It means the lawn is healthy.

No object produces a perfect thermal radiation spectrum, but many objects produce close approximations. Which of the following would not produce a close approximation to a thermal radiation spectrum? a filament in a standard (incandescent) light bulb you a hot, thin (low-density, nearly transparent) gas a star

Which of the following statements about electrons is not true? Within an atom, an electron can have only particular energies. Electrons can jump between energy levels in an atom only if they receive or give up an amount of energy equal to the difference in energy between the energy levels. An electron has a negative electrical charge. Electrons have very little mass compared to protons or neutrons. Electrons orbit the nucleus rather like planets orbiting the Sun.

Suppose you have a 100-watt light bulb that you leave turned on for one minute. How much energy does it use?

Gamma Rays have very small

Each of the following describes an "Atom 1" and an "Atom 2." In which case are the two atoms different isotopes of the same element? Atom 1: nucleus with 6 protons and 8 neutrons, surrounded by 6 electrons; Atom 2: nucleus with 7 protons and 8 neutrons, surrounded by 7 electrons. Atom 1: nucleus with 8 protons and 8 neutrons, surrounded by 8 electrons; Atom 2: nucleus with 8 protons and 8 neutrons, surrounded by 7 electrons. Atom 1: nucleus with 7 protons and 8 neutrons, surrounded by 7 electrons; Atom 2: nucleus with 7 protons and 7 neutrons, surrounded by 7 electrons. Atom 1: nucleus with 4 protons and 5 neutrons, surrounded by 4 electrons; Atom 2: nucleus with 5 protons and 5 neutrons, surrounded by 4 electrons.

Suppose you had molecular oxygen (O2) chilled enough so that it was in liquid form. Which of the following best describes the phase changes that would occur as you heated the liquid oxygen to high temperature? The cold temperature would first cause the oxygen to solidify. The solid would then sublimate into a gas, which would then become a plasma as the molecules lost their electrons, until finally it consisted of bonded pairs of oxygen nuclei stripped bare of any electrons. It would evaporate into a gas, then the molecules would dissociate into individual oxygen atoms, then the atoms would become increasingly ionized as you continued to raise the temperature. It would sublimate into a gas, then the molecules would lose electrons until no electrons were left, then the molecules would dissociate into individual oxygen nuclei. The liquid molecules would quickly dissociate into a liquid of individual oxygen atoms. These atoms would then evaporate into a gas, and then become ionized to make a plasma.

Consider an atom of oxygen in which the nucleus contains 8 protons and 8 neutrons. If it is doubly ionized, what is the charge of the oxygen ion and how many electrons remain in the ion?

The planet Neptune is blue in color. How would you expect the spectrum of visible light from Neptune to be different from the visible-light spectrum of the Sun?