Which layer of the alimentary canal is responsible for segmentation and peristalsis?
A. serosa
B. mucosa
C. submucosa
D. muscularis externa
answer
D. muscularis externa
Contractions of the circular and longitudinal layers of the muscularis externa produce the effects of peristalsis and segmentation. In the stomach, an additional muscle layer adds a twisting action.
question
Which layer of the alimentary canal contains not only glands and blood vessels but also a nerve plexus that helps regulate digestive activity?
A. mucosa
B. serosa
C. muscularis externa
D. submucosa
answer
D. submucosa
The submucosa layer contains blood and lymphatic vessels, lymphoid follicles, and the submucosal plexus of nerve fibers.
question
The __________ circulation drains all of the organs of the digestive system.
A. splanchnic
B. hepatic portal
C. visceral
D. peritoneal
answer
B. hepatic portal
The hepatic portal circulation drains all of the blood from the digestive organs and routes that blood through the liver for processing.
question
Which layer of the digestive tract controls digestive propulsion?
A. serosa
B. mucosa
C. submucosa
D. muscularis externa
answer
D. muscularis externa
The smooth muscles in the muscularis work to make the propulsive movements called peristalsis.
question
Unitary smooth muscle is found in all hollow organs except for the heart. What structure do both heart muscle and unitary smooth muscle share that allow them to contract as a functional group?
A. gap junctions
B. T tubules
C. caveolae
D. epimysium
answer
A. gap junctions
question
Which digestive process does NOT occur in the mouth?
A. ingestion
B. segmentation
C. mechanical breakdown
D. digestion
answer
B. segmentation
Segmentation is the back-and-forth mixing movement of food in the small intestine. The process of chewing and mixing food with saliva in the mouth is known as mastication.
question
What control mechanism opens the gastroesophageal sphincter?
A. peristalsis in the esophagus
B. constriction of the upper esophageal sphincter
C. detection of nutrients in the esophagus
D. pH changes in the esophagus
answer
A. peristalsis in the esophagus
As the peristaltic wave triggered by deglutition reaches the stomach, the gastroesophageal sphincter relaxes and allows food into the stomach.
question
Which of the following constitute a portal triad?
A. the porta hepatis
B. a bile duct along with a portal venule and arteriole
C. the hepatic artery and two hepatic veins
answer
B. a bile duct along with a portal venule and arteriole
A bile duct along with a portal venule and arteriole constitute a portal triad. The blood vessels provide blood flow to the lobule and the bile duct drains bile.
question
Which of the following best describes the capillary wall structure found in the liver lobules?
A. The capillary walls have openings that allow large proteins and small cells to pass through.
B. The walls have windows that allow small proteins to pass through but not cells.
C. The walls only allow water to pass through.
D. The walls are continuous, only allowing small molecules and water to pass through.
answer
A. The capillary walls have openings that allow large proteins and small cells to pass through.
The capillary walls in the lobules of the liver are sinusoidal and allow large proteins and even blood cells to pass, permitting the liver to perform its functions.
question
What is a major function of pancreatic juice?
A. emulsifying fats by breaking them into smaller pieces
B. neutralizing chyme entering the small intestine from the stomach
C. acidifying the contents of the small intestine
D. acidifying the contents of the stomach
answer
B. neutralizing chyme entering the small intestine from the stomach
Pancreatic juice contains bicarbonate (as baking soda does) that can neutralize the pH of acidic chyme coming from the stomach.
question
Bile is produced by the __________ under hormonal influence of __________.
A. gallbladder; CCK
B. pancreas; secretin
C. small intestine; CCK
D. liver; secretin
answer
C. liver; secretin
The liver produces bile, especially when influenced hormonally by secretin.
question
Which of the following is NOT a secretion of the pancreas?
A. nutrient enzymes
B. bicarbonate
C. bile
D. insulin
answer
C. bile
Bile is secreted by the liver.
question
Which cells in the small intestine's mucosa secrete mucus?
A. enterocytes
B. goblet cells
C. Paneth cells
D. enteroendocrine cells
answer
B. goblet cells
Goblet cells,which secrete mucus and are found in several areas of the digestive tract, are located on the villi of the small intestine.
question
Which of these best describes a lacteal?
A. a projection of the small intestine wall designed to increase surface area
B. a lymphatic vessel designed to help introduce fats to the blood
C. special capillaries in the villi designed for absorbing food effectively
D. a deep pocket in the intestinal wall where endocrine and antimicrobial cells are located
answer
B. a lymphatic vessel designed to help introduce fats to the blood
Lacteals are lymphatic vessels located in the intestinal villi. Their ability to accept large materials makes them helpful in transporting large fat particles (called chylomicrons) into the lymph and eventually the bloodstream.
question
Most absorption of nutrients occurs in the __________.
A. large intestine
B. stomach
C. jejunum
D. duodenum
answer
C. jejunum
As digesting foods make their way through the jejunum, the majority of nutrients are absorbed at this time.
question
Which of the following propels food residue over large areas of the colon three to four times a day?
A. haustral contractions
B. mass movement
C. Valsalva's maneuver
D. defecation reflex
answer
B. mass movement
Mass movement propels food residue over large areas of the colon three to four times a day. The defecation reflex occurs when the rectal wall stretches as mass movements force feces into it.
question
Which of the following is the primary physiological function of the large intestine?
A. nutrient absorption
B.mechanical breakdown of food
C. primary digestion of food
D. water absorption and feces elimination
answer
D. water absorption and feces elimination
Water absorption and feces elimination are the primary physiological functions of the large intestine. The large intestine also provides a transport route and a surface for healthful bacteria.
question
What type of blood capillary located in this sublayer is uniquely suited for absorption of nutrient material?
A. continuous
B. fenestrated
C. sinusoidal
D. lacteals
answer
B. fenestrated
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