Human Anatomy Exam 1

25 July 2022
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question
How would you distinguish pseudostratified columnar epithelium from all other tissues?
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it is composed of a single layer of cells of varying heights; not all cells reach the free surface; and nuclei are at varying heights within cells
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How do epithelial tissues receive nutrients?
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from capillaries in underlying connective tissue
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Which statement below is NOT a characteristic of epithelia?
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Epithelia are highly vascularized.
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Which type of cell junction is also referred to as an anchoring junction?
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Desmosome
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The lateral surfaces of epithelial cells are characterized by _____.
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specialized cell junctions
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Which of the following statements describing cilia is false?
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Cilia increase the apical surface area of an epithelial tissue to maximize transport across the surface membrane.
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The functions of simple cuboidal epithelial tissue include which of the following?
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secretion and absorption
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Which factor that acts to bind epithelial cells to one another is the most important?
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cell junctions
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What is the role of goblet cells in pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial tissue of the upper respiratory tract?
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secrete mucin
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How are stratified epithelia named?
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according to the shape of the cells in their apical layer
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The role of tight junctions is __________.
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to prevent molecules from passing between cells
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What physical property do collagen fibers contribute to the connective tissue shown here?
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Collagen resists tension and provides structural strength.
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Identify the tissues that form the membranes illustrated here.
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simple squamous epithelium and areolar connective tissue
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Which statement is true of serous membranes?
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They line closed cavities such as the pleural, peritoneal, and pericardial cavities
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Which property of bone tissue allows it to withstand strong tension?
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abundance of collagen fibers
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Which feature, viewable in this image, distinguishes cartilage from connective tissue proper?
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cells located within lacunae
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In which connective tissue is the matrix NOT produced by cells in that tissue?
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blood
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Fibrocartilage is distinguished from other types of cartilage by the following characteristic.
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collagen fibers predominate
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Which of the following best describes the way in which epithelial tissues are characterized?
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By the shape of the cells at the apical surface and the arrangement of the nuclei
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Simple squamous
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Thin layer of cells that allows for the fast diffusion of substances
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Stratified squamous
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Many layers of cells stacked on top of one another, providing a significant amount of protection from abrasion
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Simple cuboidal
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Allows for rapid diffusion but also produces secretions
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Stratified cuboidal
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Produces secretions while preventing damage to the underlying layers
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Simple columnar
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Cells are the most active in secretion and absorption
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Loose connective tissue
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Areolar Adipose Reticular
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Dense connective tissue
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Irregular Elastic Regular
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Loose connective tissue
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Surrounds the human eye in order to protect and cushion it
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Dense connective tissue
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Attaches muscle to bone and has the ability to resist tension due to the thick collagen fibers
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Bone
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Contains organic and inorganic substances in the extracellular matrix
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Blood
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Fluid medium used for the transport of gases and nutrients
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Cartilage
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Ground substance is able to hold fluid and is resistant to compression
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Epithelial tissue
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Can aid in absorption and secretion Stratified columnar Tightly packed cells held together by cell-to-cell adhesion molecules Apical surface that faces an open space Can aid in diffusion and protection
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Connective tissue
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Stores nutrients and transports Can have large amount of collagen Dense irregular Binds and protects
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Connective tissue proper includes which of the following tissue types?
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areolar connective tissue and reticular connective tissue
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Regular connective tissue
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Collagen and elastic fibers are arranged parallel to one another, which allows it to withstand forces coming from one direction.
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Reticular connective tissue, Adipose connective tissue, Areolar connective tissue
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Belong to the category of loose connective tissues
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Elastic connective tissue
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Mostly composed of elastic fibers that allow for recoil of the tissue after they have been stretched
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Dense irregular connective tissue
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Collagen and elastic fibers are irregularly arranged, allowing it to withstand forces coming from many directions.
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Regular connective tissue, Dense irregular connective tissue, Elastic connective tissue
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Belong to the category of dense connective tissues
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Reticular connective tissue
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Primarily contains reticular fibers that form intertwined networks of fibers to which cells can attach
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Areolar connective tissue
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Contains collagen, reticular, and elastic fibers and is able to hold lots of fluid within the extracellular matrix
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Irregular connective tissue.
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The reticular layer of the dermis is a deep layer of skin that has many collagen fibers that resist forces coming from many directions. The reticular layer is an example of
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Areolar connective tissue.
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The papillary layer of the dermis is a supporting layer just below the epithelium of the skin and is highly vascularized. The papillary layer is an example of
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Regular connective tissue.
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Tendons are formed of lots of collagen fibers running parallel to one another connecting muscle to bone. Tendons are an example of
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Reticular connective tissue.
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The medulla of lymph nodes creates a network of fibers that immune cells can adhere to as they help filter our lymph. This medulla is an example of
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Adipose connective tissue.
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The hypodermis is a layer deep to the skin that has a high concentration of adipocytes (fat storing cells). The hypodermis is an example of
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Elastic connective tissue.
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There is a layer of the aorta that allows this large artery leaving the heart to recoil after blood surges through it. This layer would be an/a
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Immune and inflammatory responses are more pronounced in tissues that are highly vascularized. Select ALL of the tissue that would be vascularized.
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Adipose connective tissue Areolar connective tissue Skeletal muscle
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Rosie asks her doctor whether lupus will have a widespread or merely localized effects within her body. What would you expect the physician to answer?
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Widespread effects because connective tissue proper is found throughout the body, and these tissues are a primary target of lupus
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Which description of smooth muscle tissue is most accurate?
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centrally located nucleus; involuntary control; and propels substances or objects
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Which description of smooth muscle tissue is most accurate?
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centrally located nucleus; involuntary control; and propels substances or objects
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Which feature of the muscle tissue shown here is shared with skeletal muscle tissue?
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striations
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neuron
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The structure indicated is the cell body of a neuron.
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The type of cartilage that forms the long bones of the embryonic skeleton is
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hyaline
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What type of tissue is the embryonic precursor for long bones in the fetal skeleton?
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hyaline cartilege
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The type of cartilage that can withstand the strongest compression and tension forces is
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fibrocartilege
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The type of cartilage that forms the costal cartilages at the ends of the ribs is
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hyaline
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In growing cartilage, the chondroblasts associated with the perichondrium are responsible for
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appositional growth
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The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of cartilage is the
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chondroblast.
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In appositional growth, chondrocytes within cartilage divide and secrete new matrix.
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False
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During endochondral ossification, which of the listed types of tissue is replaced by bone?
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hyaline cartilage
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What is the effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on bone tissue?
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PTH stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone and release calcium into the blood when the concentration of calcium in body fluids is low.
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After secondary ossification centers have appeared in endochondral bone, where is one of the only places on a long bone that hyaline cartilage remains?
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epiphyseal plates
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Functions of bones include all of the following, EXCEPT __________.
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protein storage
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Which letter indicates the region known as the epiphysis?
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B
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Which letter indicates bone that is not arranged in osteons and is called spongy or trabecular bone?
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E
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In the bone matrix, osteoblasts become
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osteocytes.
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Which of the following statements about a long bone is false?
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It must be more than 5 inches in length.
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The primary center of ossification
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is in the diaphysis
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A hormone that increases the bone-degrading activity of osteoclasts is
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parathyroid hormone.
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Examples of flat bones include the ribs, sternum, the bones of the head surrounding the brain case, and the scapula.
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True
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Osteocytes, residing within lacunae, are connected via canaliculi.
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True
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Circumferential lamellae occur around the entire outer and inner surfaces of compact bone, and they are considered remnants of old osteons that have been disrupted by bone remodeling.
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False
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Put the steps of endochondral ossification in the correct order. 1: Formation of medullary cavity and appearance of secondary ossification centers 2: Cavitation of hyaline cartilage within the cartilage model 3: Invasion of internal cavities by periosteal bud and spongy bone formation 4: Ossification of epiphyses; hyaline cartilage remains at epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages 5: Formation of bone collar around hyaline cartilage model
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5, 2, 3, 1, 4