Fetal Pig Dissection Lab Analysis Questions

5 September 2022
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question
What is meant by gestation period?
answer
Fetal development period from the time of conception until birth. Gestation period for a pig is 3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days (114 days)
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What is the approximate age of your pig?
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died at birth (approx. 114 days)
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How many digits are present?
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4 (16 total)
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What differnces can be observed in the structure of an artery and a vein?
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arteries are red, veins are blue
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How does a fetus get rid of its waste products?
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Umbilical cord
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What type of external features are used to separate mammals into orders?
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method of movement; teeth
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Name the two external characteristics which distinguish mammals from other animals?
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Hair during development; mammary glands
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What goes in and out of the external nares?
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oxygen and carbon dioxide
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What is another word for pinna? What is it's function?
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Ear; auditory
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What is the function of the pig's vibrissae?
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Whiskers; sensory
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What is the function of the pig's nictitating membrane?
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protection (from external fluid)
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What is another name for the chest region of the pig?
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Thoracic/Thorax
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What is meant by urogenital openings?
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Excretory opening of genetacia
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Describe the major differences between a male and female pig's urogenital opening(s).
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female: posterior to anus male: posterior to umbilical cord
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What does the urethral opening excrete in males? females?
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urinary wastes
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What is another name for the "belly" region of the pig?
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Abdomen
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What is the vaginal orifice?
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vagina opening
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What does the scrotum contain?
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sperm
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Explain the difference between digitigrade, plantigrade, and unguligrade locomotion. What type is seen in pigs?
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Pigs: unguligrade, walks on hooves; Dogs: digitigrade, walks on digits/ toes; Deer: walks on hooves, unguligrade; Humans: walk on soles of feet, plantigrade
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Why is the sense of taste and smell important to organisms?
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prepares food for digestion and proves information about our food
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Why do you think the incisors of rodents (such as mice and rats) are so long and never stop growing? Why do pigs and humans not need these large incisors?
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chew other organisms
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How does the tongue aid in eating?
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manipulates food for swallowing
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How are the hard and soft palate indirectly used in digestion?
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Hard palate: directs food into esophagus Soft palate: Seals nasal cavity during swallowing
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The hard palate separates the oral cavity from which other cavity?
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Nasal cavity
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What is the function of the epiglottis?
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Closes off the larynx (glottis) when we swallow
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What substances are secreted by the oral cavity of humans that aid in digestion? Name these substances and tell what each does to help digestion.
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Amalayse; enzyme breaks down food
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The esophageal opening is the top of which tube? Where does this tube lead?
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Stomach
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To what organ does the umbilical vein lead?
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The liver
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Describe the intestinal mesentery.
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A tissue that maintains and holds small intestine in place
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Where is the intestinal mesentery attached?
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curvature end of stomach
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In humans, what structure is found at the junction of the small and large intestine?
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Appendix
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What is the posterior opening opening of the digestive tract called? The anterior opening?
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Anus
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How many lobes (sections) does the liver have?
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5 Lobes
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Where does the bile duct lead to and what substance does it carry?
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From gallbladder and liver into the duodenum; carries bile
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What is the function of the stomach?
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stores food and digests, secretes acid and enzymes that digest food; periodically contracts to digest
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What is the function of the Esophagus?
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"food tube"
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What is the function of the small intestine?
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digestive system
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What is the function of the large intestine?
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digestive system
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What is the function of the pancreas?
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produces insulin endocrine- glands exocrine-digestive, releases and seceretes
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What is the function of the liver?
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makes cholesterol, produces bile, stores glycogen, releases toxins
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What is the function of the gall bladder?
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stores bile in the liver passes bile to the small intestine to break down fats
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What structure separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity? Spasms of this muscle cause what problem?
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diaphragm; hiccups
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List two organs found in the thoracic cavity
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Lungs and heart
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Describe the appearance of the inside of the stomach. How do the rugae within the stomach aid in mechanical digestion?
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provides a rugged surface that helps breakdown foods
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How can you tell where the small intestine stops and the large intestine begins?
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cecum
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How do enzymes produced in the pancreas come in contact with food does not pass through the pacreas?
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diffusion across membranes; secrete into small intestine
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What is an ulcer?
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An open sore on the lining of the digestive tract.
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What is done in an appendectomy? Through which cavity does the surgeon enter?
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Appendix is removed; abdomen
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What is the function of the thymus?
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maturation of t-lymphocytes
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Which is larger, the right or left ventricle? Why?
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left because it pumps blood to all of body
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Describe the difference between the right and left artia
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Right: deoxygenated Left: Oxygenated
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From what chamber does the pulmonary artery exit?
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Right Ventricle
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From what chamber does the aorta arise?
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Left Ventricle
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To what structure do the pulmonary arteries lead?
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From heart to lungs
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What is the importance of the coronary circulation?
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it is how oxygen rich blood reaches areas of the heart
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What problem results if coronary circulation is interrupted?
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Homeostasis is disrupted
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Why are arteries larger than veins?
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They carry blood to the heart
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What are the primary functions of the circulatory system?
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pumps blood, nutrients
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Name the process that moves molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. In which blood vessels does this occur?
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diffusion
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What is the function of the heart valves?
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One way; more blood and rid body of waste from atria to ventricle
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In humans, what results when a valve is leaking blood backward in the heart?
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incompetent valve (cardiac)
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Why is it so difficult to get to the heart during heart surgery?
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They must cut through the sternum and reach between the lungs
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What organ does the Hepatic Artery supply?
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Liver, stomach, pancreas, duodenum
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What organ does the Carotid Artery supply?
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Brain, eyes, throat, glands, tongue, ear, throat, dura-mater
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What organ does the Thoracic Aorta supply?
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Head and neck
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What organ does the Aorta supply?
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Everywhere
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What organ does the Cranial Vena Cava (superior vena cava) supply?
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Brain (head region)
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What organ does the Caudal Vena Cava (inferior vena cava) supply?
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diaphragm and below
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Describe the exchange of gases in the lungs.
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at capillaries CO2----> blood picks up O2 at lungs
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Why is the trachea constructed with rings of cartilage?
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Trachea connects larynx to bronchi. Flexible and can stretch up to 5 inches long. "C" shaped hyaline cartilage rings reinforce the trachae
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What's the primary function of the respiratory system?
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exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide
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Why do you think the bronchi branch extensively into tiny airtubes?
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In order to reduce the turbulence and slow speed of air entering the passageway. Also spreads air over a wide area quickly to maximize the amount reaching the alveolus
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Carbon dioxide is exhaled from the lungs. How is it produced?
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Cell Respirtation
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What is the function of kidneys? How many does the pig have? Where are they located?
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They filter blood of metabolic waste such as urea, and maintain homeostasis within the blood by remaining proper pH, proper amounts of water and salts. 2 kidney one on the left and the other on the right
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What substances are carried in the urethra?
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liquid waste
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In which of the female's reproductive structures would embryonic or fetal pigs be found?
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the uterus
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What is the function of the ovary?
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one of two glands located on each side of pelvic cavity that produces ova and female sex hormones
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What is the function of the testis?
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produce and store sperm source of male hormones, male sex gland
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What is the function of uterine horn?
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Point where uterus and uterine tubes meet; connects body of uterus to ovaries
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What is the function of the vagina?
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Functions as a birth canal; Passageway for menstrual flow; Receives the penis in reproduction; Leads uterus to body's exterior
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What is the function of epididymis
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a coiled segment of the spermatic ducts that serve to store, mature, and transport sperm between testis and the vas deferens
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Why is the scrotum important?
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it is where the sperm is kept
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Which blood vessel- renal artery or renal vein- would have the cleanest blood? Why?
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renal vein because the kidney filters out the poisions
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Kidneys are important organs. What helps to protect kidneys within the pig's body?
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fatty tissue that surrounds and protects kidneys is suet
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What is the function of the ureter?
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coiled tube, led from kidney to urinary bladder
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What is the function of the urinary bladder?
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temporary storage for urine
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What is the function of the urethra?
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tube that transports urine from bladder to outside of body
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What is the function of the cranium?
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encases brain and protects it from damage
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Which lobes of the brain receive inputs from the nose?
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Olfactory Lobes
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What portion of the brain controls voluntary muscle movements?
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Cerebrum
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What divides the cerebrum into a right and left hemisphere?
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Longitudinal Fossa
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What is the role of the cerebellum in the body?
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Receives information from sensory systems. Coordinates voluntary movements
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What part of the brain is the most posterior?
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Occipital Lobe
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What is the function of the cerebrum?
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Thoughts; language, voluntary
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What is the function of the cerebellum?
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Balance, involuntary
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What is the function of the olfactory lobe?
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Sense of smell
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What is the function the medulla oblongata?
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middle of the brain; helps to regulate breathing, heart, and blood vessel function, digestion, sneezing, and swallowing
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When a person suffers from a stroke, what happens?
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No oxygen to the brain