Cladograms Gizmo

C. Cycad In the cladogram shown, Arabidopsis and cycad are directly connected to one another by a common ancestor, so cycad is more closely related to Arabidopsis than moss or algae. Arabidopsis and cycads share the characteristics of multicellularity and xylem and phloem

C. Aphid, beetle, and bee. According the cladogram shown, the aphid, beetle, and bee all have foldable wings. When a characteristic change (purple line) is shown between two branch points on a cladogram, all of the organisms that branch off above the change will have that characteristic, unless it is shown being lost higher up on the cladogram.

C. Cladogram C. According to the table, the deer and cow have the fewest differences (0), so they should be placed closest together on the cladogram, branching from the same common ancestor. That is shown in cladograms A, C and D. The pig and whale share a large number of differences (8), so they should NOT branch from the same common ancestor as shown in cladogram D. The next two organisms with the fewest differences are the hippo and whale (1 difference), so they should share a recent common ancestor on the cladogram. Based on the molecular data, the hippo is more closely related to the whale than to the cow or deer. Therefore, the most likely cladogram is cladogram C, which shows the whale and hippo descending from a common ancestor. Another potentially acceptable cladogram, not shown here, could have the camel and pig branch from the same common ancestor.

B. 26 According to the cladogram shown, the chimp and gorilla are more related to the human than the baboon, so the baboon should have more amino acid differences than the chimp or gorilla. The woolly monkey and howler monkey are less related to the human than the baboon so the baboon should have fewer amino acid differences than the woolly monkey or howler monkey. The only choice that represents more differences than the gorilla but fewer differences than the howler monkey is answer B.

D. Not enough information to determine In the cladogram shown, there is not enough information to determine which of the organisms listed are more closely related. You can determine that the human and gorilla are closely related and the turtle and chicken are closely related because they are directly connected by a common ancestor. In the cladogram shown, the turtle/chicken group (clade) is equivalent to the gorilla/human group (clade) because no additional information is given as to how closely related the organisms are. Therefore, there is not enough information to choose between choices A and B. Based on other data, not shown here, humans and gorillas are more closely related than chickens and turtles.