Chapter 7 Mastering Biology

Prior to the publication of Charles Darwin's book, On the Origin of Species, what was the prevailing public consensus regarding species evolution? That species were permanent and unchanging That species evolved through physical changes that led to success That species evolved by means of natural selection That species were modified over time, but did not change into new species

What contribution did Charles Lyell make? He suggested that life evolves through physical changes within the life span of an organism. He found some bird specimens on the Galapagos Islands. He found some fossils of extinct species. He provided the first evidence that the Earth is much older than was previously thought.

What prompted Darwin to publish his book decades after he began writing it? He had completed the last of his experiments. A colleague (Alfred Wallace) was about to publish a similar manuscript. After years of searching, he finally found a publisher willing to accept it. He had returned from his voyage around the world.

Which two observations led Darwin to conclude that there is competition for survival? Overproduction and limited resources Gene and allele differences in organisms Natural selection and descent with modification Fossils and mutations

Individuals with variations that make them best suited to their environment will, on average, be more likely to ________. evolve be larger survive and reproduce change over time

Before Darwin published his work, Lamarck and others had suggested mechanisms for evolution. By what means did Darwin propose species evolved over time? Overproduction of young Passing on acquired traits Survival of the strongest Natural selection

Natural selection acts on ________, and ________ evolve. 1)populations; populations 2)individuals; individuals 3)individuals; populations 4)populations; individuals

Can you inherit physical traits that your parents acquired during their lifetime? No Yes Only if it improves survivability Only if it improves reproductive success

A weed that exhibits resistance to an herbicide ________. inherited the gene that made it resistant to the herbicide is less likely to pass on the gene to the next generation developed the resistance in response to the herbicide mutated when exposed to the herbicide

Evolution can be best defined as ________. 1)the production of new species 2)always taking a very long time to occur 3)change in allele frequency in a population 4)not involving humans

Which of the following is evidence for evolution? Bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics over time Cells with common features and chemically similar DNA Mosquitoes becoming resistant to pesticides All are evidence for evolution

What is radiometric dating? The process of determining the age of the fossils from radioactive isotopes The process of determining the age of the fossils using radio waves The process of determining the age of the fossils based on which layer in the rock it is found The mineralization process by which living things are turned into fossils

The older fossils are typically found in the ________ sediments. finer lower upper coarser

Which of the following are considered to be fossils? Footprints or other impressions preserved in stone Animals frozen in ice or preserved in amber Mineralized bones All of these

What is the name for the study of the geographic distribution of species? Systematics Ecology Taxonomy Biogeography

Comparing the body structures of organisms to find evidence of a shared evolutionary history is called ________. analogous reconstruction relativistic physiology comparative anatomy outgrouping

Comparing DNA and protein sequences to find evidence of a shared evolutionary history is called ________. genomics differential relatedness proteomics bioinformatics

If two organisms of different species share more similar DNA sequences with each other than with other species, we can conclude that ________. 1)these two species are not closely related 2)these two species are very closely related 3)these two species happen to share similar DNA by chance 4)there is no relationship between similar DNA and how closely related organisms are

Human embryos have a developmental stage during which they have a tail and pharyngeal pouches (those pouches develop into gills in fish). How can we explain these characteristics of human embryos? 1)Human embryos spend time in the water where tails and gills are useful. 2)Human embryos need a tail and gills to breathe during development in the placenta. 3)Human embryos share a common ancestor who had gills. 4)Both A and B are correct.

The modern evolutionary synthesis of the 1930s and 1940s melded together Darwin's findings with ________. genetics chemistry psychology sociology

What is the smallest unit that can evolve? The cell The population The community The individual

Which of the following mechanisms can drive evolution? Genetic drift Mutations Natural selection All of the above

What is the original source of variation that natural selection can act upon? Gene flow Mutation Genetic drift All of the above

What defines a population in evolution? Multiple species interacting together Members of a single species Interbreeding members of the same species Members of the same group that share a common ancestor

Which of the following best defines microevolution? Changes in genes within a population over time Changes across species but not in genes Changes in genes that do not change the gene pool over time Changes in genes between populations

What does "fitness" mean when speaking in terms of evolution? 1)Level of overall health of the individual 2)Level of overall health of the population 3)How many offspring an individual produces 4)The size and diversity of the gene pool

What events can lead to offspring having a unique arrangement of their parents' genes? Crossing over Independent assortment Both of these Neither of these

A zombie apocalypse wipes out almost the entire human species before the zombie threat is eliminated. Only a group of 100 people who were at a family reunion on an uninhabited island survived. They returned to the mainland completely unaware of what had happened to everyone. Answer the following question regarding the few survivors that now begin to rebuild the human population. Certain traits will have been lost from the gene pool forever. Some may be obvious, like people with red hair or double jointed thumbs. Others will be less obvious, like the ability to process cholesterol or being allergic to peanuts. This loss of diversity in a reduced population is called ________. 1)bottleneck effect 2)founder effect 3)gene flow 4)genetic drift

A zombie apocalypse wipes out almost the entire human species before the zombie threat is eliminated. Only a group of 100 people who were at a family reunion on an uninhabited island survived. They returned to the mainland completely unaware of what had happened to everyone. Answer the following question regarding the few survivors that now begin to rebuild the human population. Despite an abundance of habitat, why will it be difficult for the human species to recover? 1)Modern humans lack the ingenuity needed to survive without an extended social network. 2)Related humans are not able to reproduce. 3)The founder effect will slowly kill off the survivors in a small population. 4)The reduced genetic diversity will make it difficult for the population to adapt to new diseases or other environmental changes.

Which process of evolution does not change the total number of species? 1)Extinction 2)Branching evolution 3)Nonbranching evolution 4)All change the number of species

What is the leading hypothesis for what might have brought about the extinction of the dinosaurs? 1)Competition from mammals 2)An asteroid impact 3)Massive volcano eruptions 4)A new disease

When did life first appear on the planet? 3.5 million years ago 2.1 billion years ago 2.1 million years ago 3.5 billion years ago

The slow drifting of sections of the earth's crust, sometimes separating, other times colliding, is known as ________. 1)continental convergence 2)plate tectonics 3)continental divergence 4)crust dynamics

What is an exception to the standard biological species concept used to define a species? 1)Natural interbreeding populations cannot be distinguished using this concept. 2)Species that coevolved cannot be distinguished using this concept. 3)Species that do not resemble one another cannot be distinguished using this concept. 4)Asexual species cannot be distinguished using this concept.

What term describes the failure of one species' sperm to fertilize the egg of a different species? 1)Hybrid weakness 2)Mating time differences 3)Gametic incompatibility 4)Mechanical incompatibility

The eastern meadowlark and the western meadowlark are two bird species that look very similar to each other. Why do biologists not consider them the same species? The two species experience the reproductive barrier of habitat isolation. Species are not determined by appearance but by their ability to interbreed naturally. The two species do not live in the same habitat and thus do not interbreed in nature. All of the above are correct.

In many ways a mule is a superior animal to the horse or donkey. They are often stronger and can jump higher than either of their parents. Why then are they considered to be a "weak hybrid"? 1)They are sterile. 2)They do not live as long. 3)They are more prone to disease. 4)Their offspring are progressively weaker.

Which model of evolution is closest to what was originally suggested by Charles Darwin? 1)Punctuated equilibrium model 2)Graduated model 3)Neither the punctuated equilibrium model nor the graduated model 4)Both the punctuated equilibrium model and the graduated model

The rapid diversification of species seen in the fossil record followed by long periods of stasis is part of the ________ model of evolution. punctuated equilibrium symmetric graduated spatial

Which of the following most often should lead to allopatric speciation? Behavioral isolation Mating time differences Habitat isolation Gametic incompatibility

Speciation is always a slow, gradual process. True False

Which classification grouping includes the greatest number of species? Kingdom Domain Order Phylum

Which grouping immediately follows Order in the classification hierarchy? Phylum Family Class Genus

Of those listed below, which category of classification is the most narrow? Class Domain Family Genus

All prokaryotes are in the domain ________. Prokarya Bacteria Eukarya Prokaryotes are in two different domains

Which grouping includes all of the protists? Kingdom Animalia Domain Eukarya Domain Archaea Kingdom Plantae

What field of science has as its goal to classify all living things into a hierarchical system of relatedness that runs from most broad to most narrow? Cladistics Phylogenetics Evolution Taxonomy

Some of the "branches" of a phylogenetic tree do not extend to the end. What do these lines represent? Species of unknown origin Extinct species Convergent species Lineages that have not changed

A requirement of cladistics is that a grouping must include ________. species that can interbreed a common ancestor and all its descendants species with shared traits only living species