What are the six most important chemical elements of life?
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ATP
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When three phosphate groups are covalently attached to adenosine, __________ is formed.
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Sulfhydryl
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The chemical group that helps stabilize protein structure is the
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the same molecular formula but different covalent arrangements of their carbon skeletons
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Structural isomers have ___
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a variety of simple organic compounds could be spontaneously synthesized from components in Earth's primitive atmosphere
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Stanley Miller's experiments were significant because he demonstrated that ______
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Hydrocarbons
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Molecules that contain only carbon and hydrogen are _
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Hydrophobic, nonpolar, and a good source of stored energy
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Which of the following are properties of hydrocarbons?
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6,4,4
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Carbon's atomic number is 6. This means that it has __________ electrons. After completing the first energy level, carbon has __________ valence electrons and can form __________ bonds
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Carbon
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Which element is always associated with organic chemistry?
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lacking hydrogen atoms
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The carbon skeleton can vary in all of the following except ____
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cis-trans isomers
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When a double bond joins two carbon atoms, __________ can form.
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all are hydrophilic and increase the organic compound's water solubility
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Although the structures of the functional groups that are most important to life vary, they share one thing in common: They ___
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hydrocarbons
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Molecules that contain only carbon and hydrogen are __
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A carbon atom can complete its valence shell by forming four covalent bonds
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The carbon atom is tetravalent; this means that ___
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mirror-image isomers of a molecule
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Enantiomers are ____
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- 1 enantiomer may provide an effective treatment whereas the other may be ineffective or even toxic
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Pharmaceutical companies are selling close to $200 billion worth of single-enantiomer drugs. Why might it be important to use only one form of an enantiomer?
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amino
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Which chemical group is most likely to be responsible for an organic molecule behaving as a base?
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-COOH and -NH2
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Which of the following is found in all amino acids?
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R-NH2
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Which of the following molecules is a weak base?
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ATP stores the potential to react with water, thereby removing a phosphate group and releasing energy for cellular processes.
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What is ATP's importance in the cell?
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they contribute to the molecular shape of a molecule and its unique properties
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Chemical groups are significant because ____
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Acid ... amino
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Choose the pair of terms that completes this sentence about functional groups in organic chemistry: Carboxyl is to __________ as __________ is to base.
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carboxyl group (-COOH)
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The chemical group that acts as an acid is the __
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R-COOH
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Which of the following molecules is a weak acid
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Parkinson's disease
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L-dopa is used to treat __
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None
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What kind of effect does R-dopa have on Parkinson's disease?
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Mirror Images
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Enantiomers are molecules that ___
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differ in the arrangement of their atoms about a double bond
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Geometric isomers are molecules that ___
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Hydrokyl group
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what functional group is characteristic of alcohol
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Amino group
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Which functional group is characteristic of a base
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Sulfhydryl group
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Which of these groups is characteristic of thiols?
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Phosphate group
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Which group plays a major role in energy?
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Carbonyl group
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what is a characteristic of a Ketone?
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Carboxyl group
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which group plays as an acid?
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Isomers differ in the arrangement or bonding of atoms.
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How do isomers differ from one another?
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S-ibuprofen
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What is the effective enantiomer for Ibuprofen?
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R-Alburtral
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What is the effective enantiomer for Albuterol ?
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Miller concluded that complex molecules could arise spontaneously under conditions thought at that time to have existed on the early earth.
Abiotic synthesis of organic compounds:
Amino acids, formic acid, urea, etc.
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What was the result of Stanley Miller's experiment?
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Carbon has 4 bonds,has no charge difference and is very stable.
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Explain how carbon's electron configuration explains its ability to form large, complex, diverse organic molecules.
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Hydrogen( Mostly) and Oxygen and Nitrogen Oxygen is the most electronegative
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What are carbon's most frequent binding partners? What is the valence associated with each? Which are electronegative?
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Carbon chains form the skeleton of most organic molecules they can be straight, branched or even rings
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Describe how carbon skeletons may vary and explain how this variation contributes to the diversity and complexity of organic molecules.
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A hydrocarbon is a organic molecule consisting of only carbon and hydrogen
Saturated fats are solid at room temperature, while unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature. Fats contain large amount of energy, Hydrogen and Carbon
Trans The two X's are on opposite sides
Cis The two X's are on the same side
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What is a hydrocarbon? What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated fat? What is the difference between a trans and cis configuration?
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Carboxyl
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A molecule is placed in aqueous solution. The pH of the solution decreases. Which of the following functional groups was most likely associated with this molecule?
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Phosphate
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What functional group is commonly used in cells to transfer energy from one organic molecule to another?
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