Chapter 26: Fluid, Electrolyte, Acid-Base

The single most important factor influencing potassium ion secretion is ________. A) intracellular sodium levels B) potassium ion concentration in blood plasma C) the potassium ion content in the renal tubule cells D) the pH of the ICF

Which of the following statements is true regarding fluid shifts? A)There are always more positive electrolytes than negative in a solution; it is therefore impossible to follow fluid shifts. B)Electrolytes have greater osmotic power than nonelectrolytes and therefore have the greatest ability to cause fluid shifts. C) Nonelectrolytes are the controlling factor in directing fluid shifts. D) Electrolytes are not as important as proteins in regulating fluid shifts in the body.

The maintenance of the proper pH of the body fluids may be the result of ________. A) control of the acids produced in the stomach B) the active secretion of OH- into the filtrate by the kidney tubule cells C) the control of respiratory ventilation D) the operation of the various buffer systems in the stomach

The fluid link between the external and internal environment is ________. A) interstitial fluid B) plasma C) cerebrospinal fluid D) intracellular fluid

Blood analysis indicates a low pH, and the patient is breathing rapidly. Given your knowledge of acid-base balance, which of the following is most likely? A) metabolic acidosis B) metabolic alkalosis C) respiratory acidosis D) respiratory alkalosis

Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that is made in the atria of the heart. The influence of this hormone is to ________. A) reduce blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting sodium and water retention B) activate the renin-angiotensin mechanism C) prevent pH changes caused by organic acids D) enhance atrial contractions

Respiratory acidosis can occur when ________. A) a person consumes excessive amounts of antacids B) the kidneys secrete hydrogen ions C) a person's breathing is shallow due to obstruction D) a runner has completed a very long marathon

The regulation of potassium balance ________. A) is accomplished mainly by hepatic mechanisms B) involves aldosterone-induced secretion of potassium C) includes renal secretion, but never absorption D) is not linked to sodium balance

Which of the choices below exerts primary control over sodium levels in the body? A) aldosterone B) glucocorticoids C) ADH D) water levels

Hypoproteinemia is a condition of unusually low levels of plasma proteins. This problem is often characterized by ________. 10) A) confusion B) extreme weight loss C) tissue edema D) nerve damage

Whereas sodium is found mainly in the extracellular fluid, most ________ is found in the intracellular fluid. 11) A) chloride B) potassium C) bicarbonate D) iron

One of the major physiological factors that triggers thirst is ________. A) drinking caffeinated beverages B) a dry mouth from high temperatures C) becoming overly agitated D) a rise in plasma osmolality

Annie has just eaten a large order of heavily salted French fries, some pickled eggs, and some cheese. How will consuming this much salt affect her physiology? A) It will cause a prolonged increase in the osmolality of the blood. B) There will be a shift in the pH of her body fluids to the higher side of the pH scale. C) There will be a temporary increase in blood volume. D) She will experience hypotension.

Which of the following is not a chemical buffer system? A) protein B) nucleic acid C) phosphate D) bicarbonate

Which of the following hormones is important in stimulating water conservation in the kidneys? A) antidiuretic hormone B) progesterone C) atrial natriuretic peptide D) aldosterone

The regulation of sodium ________. A) is linked to blood pressure B) is due to specific sodium receptors in the hypothalamus C) involves aldosterone, a hormone that increases sodium excretion in the kidneys D) involves hypothalamic osmoreceptor detection of ion concentration

Total body water is not a function of which of the following? A) amount of body fat B) body mass C) age D) amount of water ingested

What hormone reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasoconstriction and sodium ion and water retention? A) thyroxine B) atrial natriuretic peptide C) ADH D) aldosterone

A falling blood pH and a rising partial pressure of carbon dioxide due to pneumonia or emphysema indicates ________. A) metabolic alkalosis B) metabolic acidosis C) respiratory alkalosis D) respiratory acidosis

Which of the following hormones is important in the regulation of sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid? A) renin B) aldosterone C) antidiuretic hormone D) erythropoietin

Which of the choices below is not an essential role of salts in the body? A) anabolism of lipids B) membrane permeability C) secretory activity D) neuromuscular activity

Which of the following is not a trigger for juxtaglomerular granular cells to release renin? A) sympathetic stimulation B) decreased filtrate NaCl concentration C) increased extracellular fluid water levels D) decreased stretch due to decreased blood pressure

Which of the following is not a method for regulating the hydrogen ion concentration in blood? A) chemical buffer systems B) respiratory changes C) renal mechanism D) diet

The most important force causing net water flow across capillary walls is ________. A) hydrostatic pressure of interstitial fluid B) osmotic pressure of plasma proteins C) hydrostatic pressure of capillary blood D) intracellular hydrostatic pressure

A patient is breathing slowly and blood pH analysis indicates an abnormally high value. What is the likely diagnosis? A) respiratory alkalosis B) metabolic alkalosis C) respiratory acidosis D) metabolic acidosis

The term hypotonic hydration refers to ________. A) a condition that may result from renal insufficiency or drinking extraordinary amounts of water B) a condition that is caused by high levels of sodium in the extracellular fluid compartment C) the unpleasant feeling people have after drinking too much liquor D) the feeling one might have after profuse sweating with exertion

The movement of fluids between cellular compartments ________. A) is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic forces B) requires ATP for the transport to take place C) requires active transport D) involves filtration

Which of the following is not a disorder of water balance? A) edema or tissue swelling, which is usually due to an increased capillary hydrostatic pressure B) excessive hydration due to excess ANP secretion C) excess water in interstitial spaces due to a low level of plasma proteins D) hypotonic hydration, in which sodium content is normal but water content is high

The body's water volume is closely tied to the level of which of the following ions? A) sodium ions B) calcium ions C) hydrogen ions D) potassium ions

Problems with fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance are particularly common in infants because of their ________. A) inefficient kidneys B) low daily rate of fluid exchange C) low rate of insensible water loss D) comparatively low metabolic rates

The term alkaline reserve is used to describe the ________ buffer system. A) hemoglobin B) phosphate C) protein D) bicarbonate

Newborn infants have a relatively higher ________ content in their ECF than do adults. A) iron B) magnesium C) bicarbonate D) sodium

Which of the following describes the distribution of sodium and potassium between cells and body fluids? A) little of either in the cells, but large amounts of each in the body fluids B) Na+ mainly in the cells, K+ in the body fluids C) K+ mainly in the cells, Na+ in the body fluids D) equal amounts of each ion in the cells and body fluids

Which of the following does not depend on the presence of electrolytes? A) membrane polarity B) amount of body fat C) maintenance of osmotic relations between cells and ECF D) neuromuscular excitability