What describes the ways photosynthetic algae and animals obtain and use energy?
answer
Animals obtain energy from sugar made by light-absorbing energy producers.
question
What would happen to humans and other animals if algae, cyanobacteria, and plants were wiped out?
answer
Carbon dioxide levels would rise, and heterotrophs would not have a source of energy in autotrophs.
question
In what form does the energy of sunlight exists in?
answer
Photons
question
Photosynthesis can be broken down into two basic mechanisms. (photo and synthesis) What are the two mechanisms that describe this?
answer
Photo- Absorption of light
Synthesis- Carbon Fixation
question
What energy source drives the carbon fixation process of photosynthesis, and where does it come from?
answer
The chemical energy ATP made from light absorption drives carbon fixation.
question
If you exercise for an extended period of time, you will use energy first from what? and then from what?
answer
First from Glycogen
2nd from Fats
question
During fermentation, how does NADH give up electrons to regenerate NAD+ ??
answer
By giving electrons to pyruvate.
question
The ____ chromosomes in a human cell from inside the cheek are found in the _____?
answer
1. 46
2. Nucleus
question
What does each chromosome contain?
answer
DNA and proteins
question
You can detect DNA that is specifically from the X chromosome in a DNA sample from a person. Why can't you determine the gender of that person form the presence of the X chromosome?
answer
You would have to check for the presence of a Y chromosome.
question
Human red blood cells are enucleated (that is, they do not have a nuclei). Is it possible to isolate DNA from red blood cells? or why not?
answer
NO
The genomic DNA is found only in the nucleated cells.
question
DNA replication is said to be semiconservative because a newly replicated, double-stranded DNA molecule consists of ______?
answer
It consists of two strands, each with a mixture of old and new DNA.
question
If you start with one copy of a DNA fragment, how many rounds of PCR will it take to end up with a total of 32 copies?
answer
16.
question
The two original strands of DNA molecule can be separated by what?
answer
Heat.
question
The enzyme _____ "reads" each template strand and adds ____ to make a new strand.
answer
Polymerase.
Complementary Nucleotides
question
What is the purpose of careful primer design before PCR?
answer
Primers dictate the specificity of the place you are amplifying and primers must "sit" on the original DNA strand to give polymerase a place to start replication.
question
What represents genetic variation between individuals?
answer
The presence of STRS in their genomes.
question
Gel electrophoresis separates DNA for profiling based on what?
answer
size (length)
question
The entire sequence of DNA in a cell used for DNA profiling is called?
answer
Genome
question
Which STR will have migrated farthest through an electrophoresis gel?
answer
GAAG repeated twice.
question
From the STRs used in forensic investigation, which STRs on which chromosomes would be particularly useful in determining whether crime scene evidence was left by a female or male?
answer
Y chromosome STR.
question
What determines a protein's function?
answer
The location of its gene on the chromosome.
question
What accurately describes amino acid side chains?
answer
They provide unique functions to a folded protein. They allow for the correct flooding of proteins.
question
Heating a protein can cause it to denature or unfold. What do you think would happen to the function of a protein in a denatured state?
answer
The protein would not be functional because the 3D shape dictates protein's function.
question
What is the final product of gene expression?
answer
Protein
question
What indicates a functional location?
answer
tRNAs work in the cytoplasm.
question
A gene has the sequence ATCGATTG. What is the sequence of the complementary RNA?
answer
UAGCTAAC.
question
What controls the timing of gene expression?
answer
The regulatory sequence for a gene.
question
Which of the following parts of translation will be disrupted by a mutation in the coding region of a gene?
answer
The codon on the mRNA.
question
Melanin is a pigment expressed in skin cells; melanin gives skin its color. If you wanted to express a different gene in skin cells, which part of the melanin gene would you use and why?
answer
The melanin regulatory region would allow for the specific expression of a different gene in the skin.
question
What is true about genetically modified organisms (GMOS) is true?
answer
Scientists can produce more complex proteins with genetically modified organisms that they can will cell structures.
question
Type 1 diabetes results from a loss of insulin production from the pancreas. People with diabetes take recombinant human insulin expressed in bacteria. How would you cure the disease instead of treat it?
answer
Replacing the defective insulin gene in a genetically modified organism (GMO) would allow for a cure.
question
What is PCR?
answer
Polymerase Chain Reaction
A form of DNA replication in a tube that relies on a heat-stable DNA polymerase
question
What is required to do PCR?
answer
A special device termed a thermocycler holds tubes and adjusts temperature over the course of approx. 3 min/cycle.
question
3 steps
answer
Dentature (hot)
Anneal (cool)
Extend (warm)
question
What does STR stand for?
answer
Short
Tandem
Repeats
question
What is STR?
answer
A common type of DNA marker that defines sections of a chromosome in which DNA sequences are repeated.
No two people have the same number of STRs.
Its a type of repetitive sequence, individuals tend to have differences in the # of repeats.
question
How do scientists distinguish between individuals?
answer
They use the differences in STR lengths.
For each chromosomal STR, there are 2 copies in one person- can be the same or different lengths.
question
What are STR regions used for?
answer
To create a DNA profile.
question
How to make an interpret a marker profile?
answer
1. Collect cells and extract DNA from crime evidence.
2. PCR amplify multiple STR regions.
3. Seperate STRs using gel electrophoresis.
question
How does gel electrophoresis work?
answer
By applying an electrical current to a gel loaded with DNA.
question
Why does the electrical current cause DNA to migrate through the gel?
answer
Because DNA is negatively charged and migrates toward the positive end of a electric field.
question
What type of fragments travel further?
answer
Short fragments
question
Whereas longer fragments remain closer to the well
answer
(shorter strands are faster due to snaking more quickly through gel matrix.
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