New branches form on the tree of life through the process of _____.
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speciation
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According to the biological species concept, a species is _____.
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a group of populations whose members can interbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring
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The _____ species concept is practical for identification of unfamiliar species and has been used to describe most of the 1.8 million known species on Earth.
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morphological
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For which one of the following groups would the biological definition of species be useful?
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oaks and other sexually reproducing, extant (currently living) trees
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Each biological species is genetically isolated from other species. Why do the species evolve independently?
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The two species evolve independently because they do not exchange genes. Reproductive barriers keep them from successfully interbreeding
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Which of the following is an example of a postzygotic reproductive barrier?
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Two fruit flies of different species produce viable but sterile offspring
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Which is a postzygotic reproductive barrier?
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The hybrid offspring of two species of jimsonweeds always die before reproducing.
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Individuals of different species living in the same area may be prevented from interbreeding by responding to different mating dances. This is called _____.
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behavioral isolation
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Which of the following is an example of mechanical isolation?
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Many insects have intricate "lock and key" mechanisms that prevent the male genitalia of one species from engaging with the female genitalia of a different species.
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Which of the following is an example of a prezygotic barrier?
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Pollen is regularly exchanged between flowers of two groups of plants, but a mutual incompatibility exists so that sperm do not fertilize eggs from the "wrong" group.
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A splinter population is separated from the main population of a species. Each of the populations begins to evolve independently. When has speciation occurred?
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Genetic changes establish reproductive barriers between the two populations
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Speciation is likely to occur between a parent population and a population that has become allopatric if _____.
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the allopatric population is small and is isolated from the parent population by a formidable barrier to dispersal
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Which of the following scenarios is most likely to lead to allopatric speciation?
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fish living in two different spring pools separated by a large expanse of desert
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Sympatric speciation typically occurs through _____ and through _____.
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polyploidy in plants ... habitat differentiation in animals
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Which would be a typical scenario of sympatric speciation to produce a new plant species?
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Two diploid species hybridize, and for a period of time the hybrid reproduces asexually. Eventually, an error in cell division doubles the chromosome number and results in a fertile polyploid species.
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A new species can arise in a single generation _____.
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if a change in chromosome number creates a reproductive barrier
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Scientists estimate that _____% of plant species are polyploids, mostly generated through _____.
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over 75% ... hybridization between two species
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What do Dodd's experiments with fruit flies indicate?
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Reproductive barriers will arise most quickly if isolated populations experience and become adapted to differing environments.
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What do the examples of the Japanese land snail and the monkey flower indicate?
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A change in a single gene may produce effective reproductive barriers between populations in some cases.
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Which statement is true of hybrid zones?
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Limited interbreeding occurs between two closely related species. Over time, evolution of a strong reproductive barrier may fully separate the species; the species may continue to hybridize; or the two species may fuse into a single species.
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The work of the Grants on two sympatric species of Galápagos finches has shown _____ to be an important source of genetic variation in both species.
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hybridization
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What is the major evidence for the punctuated equilibrium model of evolution?
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Many fossil species appear suddenly in the fossil record, persist unchanged for long periods, and then disappear without transitional forms.
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According to a recent survey of many studies, an average plant or animal lineage might produce a new species approximately once every _____.
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5 million years
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In order to be a species
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Interbreed and produce fertile offspring
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What is a mule an example of?
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Hybrid fertility
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What did dodds experiment show?
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A prezygotic barrier forms
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Peter and Mary grant took a small and large beak finch and combined them.
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The hybrid could survive In wet seasons but not dry seasons
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Eco
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Adaptive radiation
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An organism adapted over time
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Microevolution
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Fossil record shows
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Macroevolution
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Where did we used to think energy came from?
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Lightning
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The first organisms were
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Prokaryotes that weren't photosynthetic
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How did the Permian extinction happen?
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Volcanoes
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What do we call all of the outer layers of earth?
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The crust
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What were the gollopoges formed from?
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Underwater volcanoes
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What are homeotic genes?
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Alter the placement of legs or genes
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Prokaryotes have how many domains?
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2
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A layered rock
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Stromatolite
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RNA that carries out a number of enzyme-like functions
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Ribozymes
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The earliest evidence of life came from fossil stromatolites
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Origin of prokaryotes
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The oldest widely accepted fossils of eukaryotes are about 2.1 billion years old
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Origin of multicellular eukaryotes
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There is fossil evidence that photosynthetic prokaryotes coated damp terrestrial surfaces
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Colonization of land
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Based on the measurement of certain radioactive isotopes
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Radiometric dating
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Based on the sequence and the ages of rocks and fossils
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geological record
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periods of evolutionary change in which many new species form who's adaptations allow them to fill new habitats or community roles
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adaptive radiation
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studying how slight genetic changes can become magnified into major morphological differences
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evo-devo
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the retention in the adult of features that were juvenile in an ancestral species
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paedomorphosis
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the evolutionary history of a species or group of species
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phylogeny
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species from different evolutionary branches may come to resemble one another if they live in similar environments and natural selection favors similar adaptions
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convergent evolution
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a discipline of biology that focuses on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships
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systematics
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where a species belongs
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genus
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a two-part name
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binomial
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branching diagrams that reflect the hierarchical classification of groups nested within more inclusive groups
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phylogenetic trees
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the most widely used method in systematics
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cladistics
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a group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants
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clades
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single tribe
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monophyletic
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shared derived characters
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new traits
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shared ancestral traits
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traits in ancestral groups
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the group of taxa that is actually being analyzed
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ingroup
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a species or group of species that is know to have diverged before the lineage
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outgroup
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a valuable approach for tracing evolutionary histories
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molecular systematics
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help track evolutionary time
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molecular clock
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the three domain system
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recognizes the three basic groups: two domains of prokaryotes, bacteria and archaea, and eeukaryotes
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