APUSH Vocab Chaps. 21-22

Built following the War of 1812, and still not completely finished by 1861, the fort is located in Charleston Harbor, SC. Fort Sumter is best remembered for the Battle of Fort Sumter, where the first shots of the civil war were fired. Once the Confederate States of America took control of Charleston Harbor, they soon aimed costal guns on the fort, and fired. After the battle, 4 more states seceeded, and their was more support for military action.

AKA the Mason and Slidell affair, the international diplomatic incident occurred when the USS San Jacinto intercepted the RMS Trent, which carried two Confederate diplomats. The diplomats were removed, but their destination was GB and France to press the Confederacy's case for diplomatic recognition.

The NYC Draft riots occurred in 1863 as a culmination of discontent with Congress's passage of laws to draft men to fight in the ongoing Civil War. Apart from the Civil War, the event was the largest insurrection in American history. The rioters were largely working class, and among other reasons felt angry due to the $300 price that wealthier people could afford to pay to not be drafted. The riot turned very racial as well, as many Blacks were killed. In the end 120-2,000 people were killed, and many buildings ransacked or destroyed.

Established in 1861, the Tariff was a protective one that raised rates to protect and encourage industry and the high wages of industrial workers. Replaced the Tariff of 1857, which was made to benefit the South. Other Morril-sponsored Tariffs were made during the Civil War to raise money. The high rates inaugurated a period of continuous. trade protection for the US, a policy that would end until the Revenue Act of 1913.

Fought in 1861, it was the first major land battle of the Civil War. Occuring months after the Battle of Fort Sumter, The North wanted an attack on the Confederate Capital Richmond. Union and Confederate forces met near Manasses, VA. The battle ended with a Confederate victory, with famous Southern Generals PGT Beauregard and "Stonewall Jackson" taking part in the battle. The violence shocked both sides and many thought the Civil War could become very bloody.

(1807-1870) Robert E. Lee was a Civil War general who fought for the Confederacy. He also fought in the Mexican-American War. Lee chose to follow his home state of Virginia in secession, despite his wish for the Union to stay intact and Abraham Lincoln offering him command of the Union Army. He was a brilliant general who defeated Union forces numerous times despite a numerical disadvantage. Lee would surrender to Ulysses S. Grant in the Appomattox Court House in 1865, and rejected the start of a guerilla war, as he wanted reconcilliation to begin.

(1824-1863) Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson was a Confederate general in the Civil War. He was a very gifted commander, and one of the best known Confederate generals after Robert E. Lee. Jackson died of complications of pneumonia, eight days after his arms was amputated after being shot by his own forces at the Battle of Chancellorsville. His death was a blow for the Confederate military capability, its morale, and of public morale. In death, he became a Southern icon.

1821-1910) Born in England, she was the first female doctor in the US and the first on the UK medical register. She was a pioneer in educating women about medicine in the US and was prominent in the emerging women's rights movement, and an abolitionist.

Occurring in 1862, the battle was arguably one of the most important naval battles of the Civil War. Fought near the mouth of the Chespeake Bay, the battle was fought in an attempt to break the union blockade. The significance is that the battle saw the first engagement of ironclad ships. The CSS Virginia fought the USS Monitor to a draw with neither suffering significant damage, and the blockade remained.

Fought in 1862, fought near Sharpsburg, Maryland, and Antietam Creek, the battle was the first to take place on Northern soil and the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with over 23,000 casualties. The Union was commanded by George B. McClellan and the Confederacy by Robert E. Lee. Ended as a strategic Union victory. The battle gave Lincoln enough confidence to announce the Emancipation Proclamation, which discouraged the British and French from potential plans to recognize the Confederacy.

An executive order issued in 1863 by President Abraham Lincoln using his war powers, it proclaimed the freedom of 3.1 million of the nation's 4.1 million slaves, and immediately freed 50,000 of them. The rest would be freed as the Union Army advanced. The former owners of the slave were not compensated and the ex-slaves were not made citizens. In addition to re-union, the war was also made abolition a main goal. Anti-slavery forces were energized and forces were weakened in Europe that wanted to intervene and help the confederacy.

The Battle of Gettysburg, occurring in 1863 by Gettysburg, Penn., saw the largest number of casualties in the civil war, with a combined total of over 46,000, and is often seen as the turning point in the Civil War. Major General George G. Meade defeated Gen. Robert E. Lee's attacking forces, ending Lee's invasion of the North.

The siege of Vicksburg, occurring in 1863 (and a day after Gettysburg), was a decisive Union victory that saw the end of the Vicksburg campaign by the Union Army. Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant's victory would give the Union control of the Mississippi and cut-off the Confederate Forces in the Trans-Mississippi Department for the remainder of the war.

(1821-1912) A pioneer American teacher, patent clerk, nurse, and humanitarian. She is best known for organizing the American Red Cross. She treated soldiers in the Civil War. She helped to organize a program for finding missing soldiers.

(1826-1885) A Maj. Gen. during the Civil War, he organized the famous Army of the Potomac and served briefly as the geneal-in-chief of the Union Army. He played a key role in organizing a well-trained Army for the Union early in the War. His career was hampered due to his meticulous planning and preparation, chronically overestimating enemy strength, and reluctant to apply principles of mass. McClellen commanded the failed Peninsula Campaign, and commanded the Union forces in the Battle of Antietam. Abraham Lincoln would question McClellen's abilities, and soon remove him from command as General-in-chief and then as Commander of the Army of the Potomac. Lincoln evaluated McClellen with, "If he can't fight himself, he excels in making others ready to fight."

(1822-1885) Was a famous commander during the Civil War for the Union and post-War Reconstruction periods. He also became the 18th President of the US. He also fought in the Mexican-American War. He Commanded the Union at the Battle of Shiloh, Vicksburg, and Chattanooga; all of them victories. Abraham Lincoln gave him Command of the Union Army. He helped to coordinate assaults that finally broke throught the Confederate Capital of Richmond in 1865. Robert E. Lee surrendered to Grant at the Appomattox.

(1815-1872) Figthing with destinction in the Seminole War and the Mexican-American War, Meade served as a Union General in the Civil War and commanded the Army of the Potomac from 1863. He is best known for defeating Robert E. Lee in the Battle of Gettysburg. After the War, he headed several different departments for the Reconstruction period. He had a short temper, and several political rivalries.

Sherman's March to the Sea, or the Savannah Campaign, was conducted in Georgia in 1864 by Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman of the Union Army. Starting after his capture of Atlanta and ending with the capture of Savannah, GA, the campaign inflicted much damage to infrastructure, industry, and civilian property. Military historian David J. Eicher wrote that Sherman "defied military principles by operating deep within enemy territory and without lines of supply or communication. He destroyed much of the South's physical and psychological capacity to wage war."

The Election of 1864 saw Abraham Lincoln, part of the National Union Paty, run against the Democratic candidate, George B. McClellen. Lincoln won with over 400,000 popular votes, and 55% of the votes in total. Several states allowed soldiers in the field to cast ballots, a first in US history. Soldiers in the Army gave over 70% of the vote to Lincoln. It was the first election since 1832 where an incumbent won an election. Lincoln's term ended 6 weeks after inauguration, as he was assassinated.

Built in 1846 in Appomattox County, VA, the courthouse is associatted with Robert E. Lee formally surrender to Ulysses S. Grant in 1865. However, the actual place of surrender took place in the McLean House nearby.

Copperheads were a vocal group of Democrats in the Northern US who opposed the US Civil War, and wanted an immediate peace settlement with the Confederates. They received their name when Republicans began calling them "Copperheads" likening the to the venemous snake. According to some historians, the party looked to Jacksonian Democracy for inspiration and may have been a traditionalist element alarmed by the modernization that Republicans supported. Many consider their goal of a peace settlement impractical, as the Confederates wanted independence.

(1808-1889) An American statesman and leader of the Confederacy during the Civil War, serving as their only President. He fought in the Mexican-American War, and served as the US Secetary of War under President Franklin Pierce. He was also a Senator representing Mississippi. As a senator, he argued against secession, but did agree that each state was sovereign and had the unquestionable right to secede from the Union. Historians have argued that he was a less effective war leaders than Abraham Lincoln. He was charged with treason in 1865, though not tried. In the 1880s, he began to encourage reconciliation. Over time, his admiration to pride and ideals made him a Civil War hero to many Southerners.

(1820-1891) An American soldier, businessman, educator, and author. He served as a General in the Union Army druing the Civil War. He is recognized as an outstanding strategist and criticised for his "scorched earth" strategy against the South. Military historian B. H. Liddell Hart famously declared that Sherman was "the first modern general". He was involved in Vicksburg, the capture of Atlanta, and Sherman's March through the Carolinas and Georgia. After Ulysses S. Grant became President in 1869, Sherman succeeded him as Commanding General of the Army and soon went on to the West to fight in the Indian Wars.

The CSS Alabama was built by the British as they had motivations for the US to split. However, as Britain was a neutral nation, this could've been seen as an act of war. 1862 the Alabama go to The Azores and took on weapons and crew from Britain. However, the ship never sailed to a Confederate base. This was a loophole for helping the South.