The debate over whether development occurs gradually, without discernible shifts, or through a series of distinct stages is termed _________.
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stroke the sole of her baby's foot
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Allie wants to test her new baby's Babinski reflex. To elicit the appropriate response, Allie will have to _________.
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Nature vs. Nurture
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The argument over the relative contributions of heredity and environment in the development of various behaviours and personality traits is known as which of the following controversies?
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developmental norms
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Alexandra reads in a parenting magazine that the average age at which children first walk on their own is twelve months old, and most children walk within the range of nine to seventeen months old. The raticle is discussing the concept of __________.
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pruning
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As the infant's brain develops, some neural pathways will decay if not used. This use-it-or-lose-it process is known as _________.
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A shift from the emphasis on childhood and adolescence to an interest in development over the lifespan.
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Which of the following accurately describes a major change in perspective in the field of developmental psychology over the past fifty years?
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- Brain Development: Involves increasingly complex neural networking.
- Motor Development: Includes sitting, crawling, walking, and running as well as bowl and bladder control.
- Infant Memory - Encompasses memory of events (episodic memory) and memory of association and learning (procedural memory).
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Three types of development are listed below. Give a specific example of each: Brain Development, Motor Development, and Infant Memory.
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zone of proximal development
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Vygotsky called the space between what a child could learn with and without help the _________.
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Impaired interpersonal communication.
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Which of the following is typically cited as a characteristic of children with autism spectrum disorder?
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Concrete Operational
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According to Jean Piaget, what is the earliest stage at which a child is capable of using simple logic to think about objects and events?
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conservation
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A young child shown a nine-inch round bowl and a six-inch round bowl containing equal amounts of popcorn says he is certain the smaller bowl has more popcorn than the larger bowl. This child has yet to acquire what Jean Piaget called ________.
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accommodation
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Four-year-old Aidan understands that birds build nests in tree. In his front yard, Aidan notices an unusually large nest. He is scared to go near it, fear that some large bird may attack him. Aidan's father explains to him that squirrels also build nests and that the nest in the front yard is that of a squirrel. Aidan changes his thinking to now include the fact that squirrels build nests. Jean Piaget would say that Aidan's new way of thinking about nests is an example of _________.
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- Object Permanence: A child may look for a toy hidden under a blanket.
- Conservation: A child who has mastered conservation knows that the amount of liquid does not change when it is poured from a wide glass into a narrow glass.
- Theory of Mind: A child's theory of mind would explain how a child could understand what made a playmate angry.
- Egocentrism: When asked what they are looking at, a child might turn the picture to the questioner and show them what they see.
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Give an example of each of the cognitive milestones listed below: Object Permanence, Conservation, Theory of Mind, and Egocentrism.
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Critical Period
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What is the correct term for a period of time when certain events must take place in order to facilitate proper development?
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Social Competence
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Developmental research on the formation of attachment indicates that a child's secure attachment to its mother during infancy is predictive of which of the following during its toddler years?
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contact comfort to attachment
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Harry Harlow's experiments with rhesus monkeys and surrogate mothers demonstrate the importance of _________.
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consistent, responsive caregivers
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Mary Ainsworth's research on attachment suggests that a child is most likely to become "securely attached" when exposed to ________.
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self-concept
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An 18-month-old typically recognizes herself in a mirror. This self-awareness contributes to _________.
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independent
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Children of authoritative parents tend to be ________.
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Leighton's parents may be surprised at the question since they are unlikely to have given her a curfew in the first place. They may respond that it does not matter to them when Leighton comes home.
Jolynn's parents will have a conservation with her about why she wants to come home late and, after discussion, may grant her request. If they don't allow it, they will explain why.
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Leighton's parents could be described as permissive. Jolynn's parents could be described as authoritative. Describe the reactions of each set of parents when the girls ask if they can stay out past curfew.
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Gender Typing
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Vince likes to play sports and video games, whereas Mia likes to sing, dance, and play house. This example best depicts which of the following?
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making social connections
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Carol Gilligan's research emphasizes prominent female characteristics, especially ___________.
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Their brain cortex is less developed.
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Compared with rats raised in an enriched environment, which of the following is true of rats raised in isolation?
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Aggression
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Gender differences have most often been found in which of the following?
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Mike, who, at age 10, is deciding whether to play baseball or hockey.
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Peer influence would have the strongest effect on:
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roles; identity
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Gender _______ are the social expectations that guide men and women's behavior. Gender ______ is a person's sense of being male or female.
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- Biological: Hormones; brain structure/function; physical development stages.
- Psychological: Personality traits; temperament.
- Social - Cultural norms; values of society; peer influences.
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Give an example of a biological, a psychological, and a social factor that might contribute to gender differences.
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theory fails to account sufficiently for differences between males and females
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Carol Gilligan's criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg's developmental theory is based on the argument that Kohlberg's ________.
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children who can delay gratification are often successful as adults
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Walter Mischel's famous "marshmallow test" found that ________.
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Frontal lobe maturation in late adolescence.
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What development in adolescents allows for greater impulse control?
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Erikson; Kohlberg
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_________ focused on moral intuition and how people feel about moral situations. ________, however, was more interested in moral reasoning and how people think about moral situations.
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formal operational stage
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Piaget would argue that as an adolescent, Corrine is better able to understand calculus because she is in the _________.
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conventional stage
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Denee contributes to the flood relief fund because others are doing so, and she doesn't want to look selfish. Kohlberg might explain that she is in the ___________.
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- The Timing of Puberty: Could be a factor here if the students who are asking have gone through puberty earlier. This would make them more popular and the other students may choose to do what the popular kids are doing.
- The Maturity of the Teenage Brain: The brain of a middle school student is not fully developed, especially the frontal lobe. This underdevelopment might cause him to make the poor choice to skip class with his friends.
- Conventional Morality: This would suggest that the student will or will not skip class with his friends. If he skips, it might be because he is following the social rule to do what your friends are doing to fit in. If he does not skip, it might be because conventional morality is concerned with following the rules.
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Analyze how the following concepts might affect a middle school student who is asked by his friends to skip science class and hide in the bathroom at school: The timing of puberty, the maturity of the teenage brain, and conventional morality.
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generativity
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When she was 45, Kerry decided to go to nursing school because she felt that her corporate job was not fulfilling. Erikson would argue that her career change was an attempt to find a sense of ________.
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a. As teens distance themselves from parents, peer relationships become more important.
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Which is true of social relations during the teen years?
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Competence vs. Inferiority
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A nine-year-old girl first learning about her capabilities on the playground and in the classroom would be in which of Erikson's stages of development?
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identity
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Qwinsuan, age 15, is struggling with how his political views fit with those of his peers and his parents as he moves toward developing what Erikson would call his sense of ________.
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emerging adulthood
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In many Western societies, it is common for adolescents to graduate from high school, go to college, and still live at home with their parents. They have not yet assumed full adult responsibilities and independence. Psychologists have identified this period of time as __________.
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Nash will be forming a sense of basic trust if his needs are being met.
Gloria will be in search of intimacy by forming close relationships with other people; Erikson would most clearly see this with a spouse.
Mike will be searching for generativity and determining whether her work and family are contributing to the world.
Sandy will be in search of integrity, an overall sense of satisfaction for the life she has lived.
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Describe Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development for each of the following: Nash, age 1; Gloria, age 24; Mike, age 50; and Sandy, age 85.
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Participation in service learning programs.
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Which of the following has been shown to be an effective intervention to reduce teen pregnancies?
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homosexual males tend to have more homosexual relatives on their mother's side
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The fertile females theory of homosexuality states that ___________.
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hypothalamus
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Researchers probing the brain in search of explanations for sexual orientation have found differences between homosexual men and heterosexual men in the region known as the ________.
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Full development of external genitalia in both sexes.
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Which of the following is a primary sex characteristic that changes at puberty?
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- Family Studies: Indicate gay people's genes live on through their supporting the survival and reproductive success of their nieces, nephews, and other relatives, who also carry many of the same genes.
- Twin Studies: Indicate that genes influence sexul orientation.
- Animal Studies: Fruit fly studies have shown that a single altered gene changed the flies' sexual orientation and behavior.
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Explain evidence that suggests a genetic influence on sexual orientation from each of the following types of studies: Family studies, twin studies, and animal studies.
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