PSY3213L final exam review

According to Henrich and Gil-White (2001)'s theory of prestige, celebrities are ________________ and their fans are ________________________.

Unlike Plato, Aristotle believed that ________________________

Science can be defined as

What do Greek philosophy and science have always in common ?

What human trait sets us apart from the apes and motivates us to pass on knowledge from generation to generation?

Choose the best answer: The purpose of the three-stage puzzlebox experiment with children, chimpanzees, and capuchin monkeys by Deen, Kendal, Schapiro, Thierry, and Laland (2012) was to __________________________

According to Henrich and Gil-White (2001), individuals with skills are ___________ and the rest are ______________________

Finish the sentence: Scientific approach to knowledge gathering ____________________________________.

Choose ALL that apply: Plato categorized world into ___________________ and ______________________.

The first known human technology is _______________

" I studied for the quiz not by memorizing but by trying to understand, and I got an A. If I continue studying this way, I will get an A in this class." This is an example of _____________________________approach.

Trying to find a needle in a haystack is the analogy that fits what type of knowledge gathering?

What does the study by Bastardi, Uhlmann, and Ross (2011), where the subjects' ability to make an unbiased evaluation of a fictitious study was tested, reveal about people's quality of reasoning ?

The birth of modern science dates back to _____________________.

____________was an intellectual movement during the Renaissance, that focused on__________________.

Learning from others' personal experiences is an example of what form of inquiry?

Induction is _________________

Relying on reasoning is scientific as long as reasoning is rational.

It seems logical to assume that if you give too much attention to your child, you might spoil him--make him too needy. This is an example of _____________________________________.

Choose ALL that apply: Why do some scholars believe that the humanist movement gave rise to science?

What is data?

Freud theorized that a person who experienced some traumatic event would repress its memory to cope with psychological stress. Choose a confirmation strategy to prove this.

Where do you find supporting evidence when you formulate your hypothesis?

A researcher studies different types of personalities. Specifically, the researcher categorizes people into introverts and extroverts. Personality is most likely measured on what type of measuring scale?

Choose ALL THAT APPLY. The purpose of science is _______________________

A developmental psychologist studies age and cognition. Specifically, the age of each participant is recorded and then, correlated with his/her cognitive skills. Age is measured on what type of measuring scale?

A researcher hypothesizes that competitiveness of the video games predicts the degree of their violent content. The criterion in this hypothesis is___________________ and the predictor is _________________.

Choose ALL THAT APPLY. Finish the sentence: The more specific a theory is ______________________

Choose the best answer. A variable is ____________________.

The difference between a scientific hypothesis and a research question is __________________.

A researcher would like to study sexual objectification in movies. "Sexual objectification" is ___________________________.

Why would a researcher convert qualitative into quantitative data ?

When does a researcher have to have a coding scheme?

You are working on a content analysis. Your hypothesis is that romantic comedy will depict women in more stereotypical ways than action-adventure movies. Stereotypical depiction of women is rated on a scale from 1 to 7, where 1 means least stereotypical and 7 very stereotypical. After you have coded 5 films (half of them were romantic comedy and the other half were action films), you entered the codes into a spreadsheet. What's the unit of analysis? The data looks like this: Films Genres '1' or '0' Stereotypical 1 1 1 2 1 6 3 1 5 4 0 2 5 0 1 6 0 3

A researcher would like to examine the depiction of stereotypes across different movies and characters. She hypothesizes that movies will depict fewer stereotypes; however, female characters will still be portrayed in more stereotypical ways than male characters. The unit of analysis is/are ____________________________.

A researcher believes that connectedness in conversation between caregiver and child predicts child's more advanced social understanding more so than the content of their every day conversations." Each conversation is broken down into turns and coded as: Connected, Initiation, Failed, Conflict, or Unclear. These turns are _______________________.

In what way program evaluation is similar to a scientific study? Choose one that is always true.

"Connectedness in conversation between caregiver and child predicts child's more advanced social understanding more so than the content of their every day conversations." This is an example of _________________________________

When a unit of analysis is too complex, a researcher will have to break it down into smaller__________________.

A researcher collects a sample of TV commercials to code for their emotional tone. Let's assume that the researcher is studying 'emotionality'. And he wants to know whether TV commercials differ in terms of emotionality based on the type of product they advertise. The unit of analysis is __________________ and emotionality is _______________

The strength of observational method is that it provides high internal validity.

Suppose a researcher sets out to conduct an observational study to follow up on the question raised in Derefinko et al. (2011), which is whether "different facets of impulsivity predict different types of aggression?". Impulsivity, in this study, is a (an)___________________and aggression is a (an)__________________________.

Describing a phenomenon is too limited in its scope to be considered a good research goal

Observational studies can inform theories

Which of the listed below research goals is most likely to be addressed using observational method.

There is some debate about whether intersubjectivity (shared understanding between two or more people) is either present or absent or varies to some degree so that some people will still share it but not as much as others. If you believe in the first scenario (that it is either shared or not), you would have to use what measuring scale?

In an observational study by Hubbard et al. (2001), researchers studied a correlation between boys' social cognition and their aggressive behavior. Suppose that they hypothesized that boys' aggression is driven by their social cognition. Aggression, in such case, is _________________ and social cognition is ________________.

Suppose a researcher set out to conduct an observational study to follow up on the question raised in Derefinko et al. (2011), which is whether "different facets of impulsivity predict different types of aggression?". It is most likely that aggression will be measured on a(an) __________________.

The example of the observational research on inter-subjectivity is used in the text to ___________________________.

Researcher observes and counts the number of time the baby smiles. This is a ________________

A key advantage of random assignment is that it makes ________ about the same in each group.

Dr. Franke is conducting an experiment on group decision making. The experiment will run for an entire academic semester. Dr. Franke runs his experimental group at the beginning of the semester and his control group at the end of the semester. What is one potential extraneous variable that can affect the dependent variable and reduce the internal validity of the study?

In an experiment on the effects of alcohol on memory, participants are first tested after drinking a nonalcoholic beverage and then tested again after drinking an alcoholic beverage. This is an example of a ________ design.

A researcher randomly assigns participants to test their liking of a high calorie drink. The ________ is the control group and the ________ is the experimental group in this example.

A factorial design always has more than one

How do researchers account for individual differences in an experiment, methodologically

Dr. Harris conducted a two-factor experiment. She plots her results on a graph and notices that the lines on the graph are not parallel (which is confirmed when she runs a statistical analysis). This pattern suggests the presence of

A design in which different subjects are randomly assigned to the various groups in the experiment is a ________ design.

A drawback of testing effectiveness of a program treatment in a within-subjects design is that

In a factorial design, the "main effects" are

Suppose you bought a house in a neighborhood, where home prices range from $120,000 to $500,000; but mostly stay within the $200,000 price range. You want to impress your friends by embellishing the average home price in your neighborhood. So you use _________________ as the average home price.

You read that the average height for men in US is about 5 foot and 10 inches tall. For this number to be meaningful, it must be ______________________.

The distribution of the annual income of people residing in Gainesville is most likely ____________________________. *Clue: the median income is $38,658 (and about 17% make 75,000 and 200,000 or more).

Suppose you conduct a study to look at the link between the degree of violence in video games' content and their level of competitiveness. You make a prediction that video games that are more violent tend to also be more competitive. Your null hypothesis is _______________ and your alternative hypothesis is___________________________.

Choose the most accurate statement about how a hypothesis is"proved" in social sciences

Suppose you conduct a study to compare violent and non-violent video games. You make a prediction that more violent video games tend to be more cognitively stimulating than non-violent video games. Your null hypothesis is _______________ and your alternative hypothesis is___________________________.

Suppose you conduct a study to look at the link between the degree of violence in video games' content and their level of competitiveness. You make a prediction that video games that are more violent tend to also be more competitive. Your null hypothesis is _______________ and your alternative hypothesis is___________________________.

My variable was measured using an interval scale. However, after reviewing its distribution I noticed that some of the values were completely off (they were outliers). I should probably use ____________________as my average.

negative correlation

positive correlation

A study of Polish women found that out of 2800 randomly selected surveyed women, 89% of them had their first child at 30 years of age and older. As a critical thinker what else would you want to know to make sense of this finding?

A researcher conducted a survey studying a potential association between playing video games and aggression. The researcher sent out surveys to 1000 people and received responses from 100 of them. The results of the study showed a positive correlation between playing video games and aggression. What conclusions can be made from this study?

A parametric analysis is based on ____________________

A p-value of 0.04 means

Suppose you observed people interacting in two types of groups, small and large. You hypothesize that people will smile more in large groups than in small groups. Your criterion variable is frequencies of smiling. What test should you perform?

Choose statistical tests that are parametric

It is the ____, not the ____, that is the focus of a report using APA writing style.

What is wrong with this sentence? "Reinforcing stereotypes is not healthy for the society."

Which of the following is a good suggestion for writing using APA style?

Which of the following is a formatting requirement for the references section in an APA-style manuscript? Choose All that apply

Was the in-text citation correctly done in the excerpt below? "The coding scheme was borrowed from the study by Veronica Hefner and Barbara J. Wilson."

Find an error in this excerpt from an introduction section of a student's paper (written in APA style) "The content analysis I will be conducting aims to fill the gap in the current literature regarding the depictions of female and male characters. Specifically, the study will examine if there is a reduction in the stereotypes of women and women in the films over time. "

Below is an excerpt from an APA style manuscript. What section of a manuscript does it belong to? "Participants read and signed an informed consent form. Upon signing the consent form, participants were handed a series of questionnaires with directions for how to complete them. After completing the questionnaires, participants were handed a debriefing form, thanked for their time, and dismissed."

What is wrong with this sentence? "Reinforcing stereotypes is not healthy for the society."

Below is an excerpt from an APA style manuscript. What section of an APA style manuscript is the excerpt below likely to be included in? "Participants read an signed an informed consent form. Upon signing the consent form, participants were handed a series of questionnaires with directions for how to complete them. After completing the questionnaires, participants were handed a debriefing form, thanked for their time, and dismissed."

Communicating what was found in a research study is just as important as the finding itself.

Using the ________ design, a researcher compares the difference between scores before and following a treatment.

Which of the following is NOT a type of quasi-experimental research design?

A quasi-experimental research design in which a dependent variable is measured for one group of participants following a treatment is called a:

What was the dependent variable in Costello et al. (2003)?

A researcher compares differences in perceptions of forgiveness in a sample of teenagers and older adults. In this example, the quasi-independent variable is ________:

A researcher tests the hypothesis that weight gain among college freshman is greatest for students who are very impulsive. To test this hypothesis, he records impulsivity and weight in a sample of high school seniors, and again records these measures in the same sample after these students finished their freshman year of college. What type of developmental research design is described in this example?

Find the best answer explaining why longitudinal design is not a true experiment.

Which of the following is an example of a one-group pretest-posttest quasi-experimental research design?

What independent variable in Costello et al. (2003) was not manipulated by the research team?

What is the best research method to study cohort effects?

________ is a published document that recommends three principles for the ethical conduct of research with human participants: respect for persons, beneficence, and justice.

The key ethical concern for the Milgram obedience experiments was:

The Tuskegee study went on for ____________________________.

In what study was an experimental setting staged to make participants think that they were causing harm to another participant by administering electric shocks?

A student is conducting an experiment for a class research project. She must obtain an IRB approval prior to conducting her research.

the Milgram experiment has not been replicated.

Finish the sentence: A study, such as the Milgram experiment, wouldn't pass the IRB approval today because____________________________.

In the 1940's penicillin became widely available as an effective treatment for syphilis. What did the researchers in the Tuskegee syphilis study do in response to this new treatment?

In the Milgram obedience experiments, the teacher was always the ________ and the learner was always the ________.

What are the three principles identified in the Belmont Report for the ethical conduct of research using human participants?

Finish the sentence: a relative small sample _________________________________

Converging evidence comes from____________________________________

Articles that are published in peer-review journals _________________________

You are reading an article about advantages of eating clean. As a wise consumer of science and someone who would like to try to implement this in practice, you want to ask the author of the articles "specify exactly what clean food is?". You essentially want to know_______________________

Empirical evidence means______________________

Finish the sentence: Random assignment __________________________________.

Scientific claims require _________________________

You read an article that claims exercising can make people happy. The way the study supported this hypothesis was by conducting a study. The researchers selected a random sample of people and asked them to choose to either go to a gym for one month (weekly) or do not go to a gym or engage in any physical activities other than their normal daily routine for the same period of time. At the end of the month all subjects were measured on the level of positive affect and life satisfaction. The statistical analysis revealed that the level of happiness of people attending a gym was significantly higher than the level of happiness of their counterparts. What should be your assessment of the study?

A researcher studies aggression. He decided to measure aggression two different ways. First, subjects will play a computer game where subjects' choices to punish their opponent will be recorded and used as an index of aggression. The second way will be through a validated survey where subjects are asked various questions that probe their aggressive tendencies. The researcher will use both measures for prediction of negative affect of violent video games. He hypothesized that aggression will predict whether the subjects will be negatively affected (their aggressive behavior will be increased) after they play one violent video game. He hopes that both measures will predict the behavior. Suppose you are reviewing this study, what should be your evaluation of this approach ?

Due to the shortage of covid 19 tests, experts say that it won't be possible to test the entire US population to know the actual prevalence of the infection. The best alternative to assess the prevalence of covid 19 infection is

the survey conducted by the literary digest of more than 10 million americans attempted to predict the 1936 U.S. presidential election. The survey predicted that Alf Landon was going to win. However, as we know now, FDR won the election. Why did the literary digest get it wrong?

what is/are causes of the so-called replication crisis?

the appeal of science is

what one important feature of an experiment allows researchers to infer causation?

Rachel lang is an astrologer who writes this prediction about may; "we could also face new awareness about the social and economic influence of covid-19 as venus goes retrograde and invites us to look carefully at our finances. pluto is already retrograde which makes us look at issues like debt". as a critical consumer of science,___________

you are reviewing a content analysis paper and come across the following statement in the discussion of the results.' due to the findings that female characteristics express more romantic ideals than men, the conclusion is that women believe in love at first sight and men don't" is there a problem with this statement. if so, what is it?

the strength of pseudoscience is ______

i used the general social survey data to correlate the following variables; the highest year of school completed by the respondents (ranging from 0 to 20) and the number of children they have. the following results i obtained r=.273 and p<.000 what can i conclude?

i measured the degree of violence present in the video games by rating them on a scale of 1 to 10. i should use _______ as my average

to reduce chances of committing a type 1 error, one can

suppose you are considering to move to a new neighborhood. you hear it is quit diverse and you love it. The prices of the homes also range dramatically. You want to know the average of the price home in this neighborhood. To get the most meaningful average, you should use

you want to know if one ratio scale variable predicts another ratio scale variable. to do that, you should compute______

you have two nominal variables, gender and compliance. If you want to test whether the two variables are related, you should compute a

a business records the number of times employees visit a gym for 12 months before and 12 months after the company negotiates a new health insurance policy that fully pays for gym memberships. what type of quasi-experimental research design is described in this example?

what was an ethical concern for the tuskegee syphilis study that eventually led to public outrage and the termination of the study? choose all that apply

epidemiologists use models to predict the number of death, for example from coronavirus. These models are based on most current data (e.g. people's behavior, etc.). Initially, the prediction of the leading scientists was about 100,000 to 200,000 deaths. However most recent models have been adjusted , based on the most recent data, and project less death. The projections maybe adjusted again. This is a good example of _____

choose all that apply: transition to agriculture was significant because _____

choose the best answer: given the definition of critical thinking, what aspect of it is the most important to science

what does some historical and empirical evidence suggest about the association between human population and innovation

a prehistoric event that had a significant effect on the human population growth is ___

the contribution of early greek philosophers to science was _____

what is one of the rudimentary differences between the way humans and chimpanzees accumulate knowledge?

choose all that apply: symbolism is closely associated with

choose one research area that meets the falsifiability standard

what are galileo, copernicus, tycho brahe and kepler together known for?

my friend likes to give me parenting advice. she believes that because her daughters are very smart and well-behaved she knows how to parent. my friend relies on what type of knowledge gathering?

Falsifiability stands for _____

the rational school of thought was led by ____

In cases where you want to assess changes in performance as a func"on of increasing exposure to treatment condi"ons, the most appropriate design is a ________ design.

Dr. Harris conducted a two-factor experiment. She plots her results on a graph and notices that the lines on the graph are not parallel (which is confirmed when she runs a statistical analysis). This pa!ern suggests the presence of

In a within-subjects experiment, subjects are required to perform a complex motor task for the dependent variable. You find that subjects perform be!er in the second treatment than in the first. You conclude that your independent variable had a significant effect on motor behavior. However, an alternative explanation is that ________ produced a carryover effect.

Choose All examples of experimental manipulation.

Random assignment is a procedure used to ensure that each participant has the same likelihood of being selected to a given group to control for__________________________.

A researcher hypothesizes that gender stereotypes observed on TV are caused by the social roles that men and women usually assigned to. The dependent variable in this hypothesis is __________ and the independent variable is ________________.

A researcher studies how personality (extraversion) affects quality of romantic relationships. To measure couples' personalities, he observes them at a restaurant and rate their behavior on some scale, ranging from 0 (lowest level of extraversion) to 7 (highest level of extraversion). The measurement scale of the variable 'extraversion' is_____________________________.

Choose the best answer. Internal validity refers to ________________________

You study the effect of video games on players' behavior. However, you also know that more men than women play video games; and you also know that, on average, men tend to be more aggressive than women. Gender in this case is____________________.

Choose ALL THAT APPLY. Conducting literature review is important for _____________________

Population of interest is _______________ and sample is ___________________________-

Generativity, mentioned in chapter 4, can be an example of ____________________________.

You are conducting a study to determine if a relationship exists between personality and being a successful Reality TV character. To test your hypothesis you select 25 most popular TV shows and rate the main characters' behavior during group's altercations and group's celebrations. In this study, the unit of context is ___________.

A unit of context_______________

A researcher collects a sample of TV commercials and uses the first minute of every commercial to measure its emotionality. He wants to know whether TV commercials differ in their emotional content based on the type of product they advertise. The unit of analysis is __________________ and the unit of coding is ______________.

You are working on a content analysis. Your hypothesis is that romantic comedy will depict women in more stereotypical ways than action- adventure movies. Stereotypical depiction of women is rated on a scale from 1 to 7, where 1 means least stereotypical and 7 very stereotypical. After you have coded 5 films (half of them were romantic comedy and the other half were action films), you entered the codes into a spreadsheet. What's the predictor ? The data looks like this: Genres Films '1' or Stereotypical '0' 111 216 315 402 501 603

According to Wikipedia, sexual objectification of women is "when a woman is being viewed primarily as an object of male sexual desire, rather than as a whole person." This definition can be considered as

A researcher studies obedience. She is very familiar with the Milgram experiment, where in a controlled laboratory seeing most participants obeyed their authority and administered lethal dose of an electric shock to another person ('learner'). She believes that due to the controlled nature of this experiment the results are over exaggerated and cannot be applied to real life circumstances. So the researcher wants to conduct an observational study to observe people's behavior naturally. Her intention is

Irwin and Gross (1995) observed children after they played video games with aggressive or nonaggressive themes. One of their findings was that children who played aggressive video games also behaved aggressively more often during free play. was most likely quantified in terms of its

What research design would you use to address the following research question:" How frequently do parents and children engage in conversations about emotions at home?"

What research design should be used to study the following research question:"Do mothers and toddlers tend to talk more about emotions when they see sad or happy pictures?" The researcher knows that to be able to compare mother-child conversations , all dyads (i.e., mother-child pairs) would have to see the same sad and happy pictures

The type of descriptive statistic that gives you the most representative value in a set of data is_____________________.

One variable in your research project is the gender of TV audience. What would be an appropriate measure of its central tendency?

My variable is nominal. I should use ___________________as my average

You will select the statistical test based on______________________

A researcher records how well children score on a health test designed to help the children do well. The percent of correct responses is recorded. What type of quasi-experimental research design is described in this example?

Finish the thought from a quote: "When a conceptual hypothesis survives many potential falsifications based on different sets of assumptions, __________________________"

Finish the sentence using the best answer: Science is __________________.

The only way we can be confident in the correctness of a scientific finding is ________________________

The only way we can be confident in the correctness of a theory is _______________________

To control for confounding factors in an experiment, such as inherent individual characteristics (e.g., personality, gender), researchers _______________________________

_______ was the precursor of psychology

risking life in the name of science by conducting controversial research can be an example of what by-product of cultural transmission?

deduction is _______

choose all that apply: what can undermine the scientific status of a theory?

descartes' way of knowledge gathering is not scientific because____

suppose a researcher wants to test a theory that a genuine smile reflects a permanent positive disposition. Choose a study that applies a disconfirmation strategy to test this theory

you decided to measure stereotypes in the media by coding it as present or absent from each piece of media. The scale of measurement you chose is _____

identify the characteristics of a good research question. choose all that apply

population of interest is ______ and sample is ____

external validity refers to___

commitment stories in a study of adult generativity is an example of ___

data collected by the US census bureau is an example of _____

choose all examples of qualitative data

why would someone use qualitative data in research?

in a study by hubbard et al. (2001), researchers studied the link between boys' social cognition and aggressive behavior. two specific types of aggression were examined: proactive and reactive. Aggression was considered proactive if it was "goal-oriented", for example when one boy teased another boy. reactive aggression was an angry retaliation , for example when one boy responded with frustration or anger (angry face). what is a construct and its operational definition in this example?

observational studies can complement experimental methods

choose the best answer: why do social scientists use theory of probability to test their hypotheses?

Multiple Linear Regression_____

Suppose you were asked to review a manuscript that was submitted to a professional psychological journal to determine if the study has merits (e.g., that the study conducted a worthwhile scientific examination using a proper research design , and properly analyzed the data .) and can be published . Based on the paragraph below what should be your conclusion? "The main research goal was to examine whether moral development is related to criminal behavior . A sample of 500 college students completed a survey self-reporting on whether they engage in criminal activities and testing their moral reasoning. The results showed virtually no subjects reported being involved in a criminal act; and no significant relationship between crime and moral development was found. The study concluded that moral development does not influence people's behavior, or their decision to break a law."

Ie In the beginning of the corona virus pandemic , the WHO organization and the majority of scientists believed that wearing masks would give people a false sense of security and they would stop following behavioral prevention rules such as washing hands , keeping a social distance , and staying away from big crowds . Later on, after reviewing the statistics of infections where public was and wasn't wearing facial masks , the scientists agreed that wearing a mask prevents the corona virus from spreading . Their advice changed from not to wear to wear a mask . This is an example of

" I always get an A when I study by trying to understand, rather than memorizing things. Thus, I will get an A on this class if I use the same method." This is an example of _____________________________approach.

Choose ALL that apply: In most (if not all) psychology classes (including this one) the students are asked to think critically about what they read or hear. Why?

One crucial difference between Hume's and Descartes' method of knowledge gathering is___

Research process is ______________

A researcher hypothesizes that gender stereotypes observed on TV are caused by the social roles that men and women usually assigned to. The dependent variable in this hypothesis is __________ and the independent variable is ________________.

Conceptual defini"on is expressed in ____________________ terms and opera"onal defini"on is the one that provides ___________________.

'Receiving or giving a sexual gaze' is most likely a (an) _______________________to 'sexual behavior' in a content analysis.

You are coding a TV show. Your research procedure requires that you pause every 10 minutes to record the presence or the absence of an aggressive act. The pausing is your ___________________

Suppose you hypothesize that reality tv shows are less cognitively stimulating than non-reality shows. You will commit a type II error if ______________________________.

Unlike non-humans, we accumulate knowledge successfully through _________________________

Is Egyptology a scientific discipline? Choose the best answer.

Another name for empiricism is _________________________

You are conducting a study to test a hypothesis that book reading conversations between securely attached children and their caregivers will be more engaging than the book reading conversations between insecurely a!ached children and their caregivers. You transcribed 25 mother-child book reading conversations. Book reading engagement is operationally defined as the duration (in minutes) of the book reading conversations. Thus, the scale of measurement of the criterion variable is ____________

Conceptual definition is expressed in ____________________ terms and operational definition is the one that provides ___________________.

A construct is ________________________________.

In what way program evaluation is different from a scientific study? Choose one that is always true.

If my variable is measured on an interval scale and normally distributed, I should compute ______________________to find the average

Suppose you conduct a study to compare reality and non-reality TV shows. You make a prediction that reality shows are less cognitively stimulatingthan non-reality tv shows. Your null hypothesis is _______________ and your alternative hypothesis is___________________________

Suppose your data is normally distributed and measured on an interval scale, what would be an appropriate measure of central tendency to use to describe it?

Can the replication crisis be fixed? And if so, how ?

Suppose you were asked to review a manuscript that was submitted to a professional psychological journal to determine if the study has merits (e.g., that the study conducted a worthwhile scientific examination using a proper research design, and properly analyzed the data.) and can be published. Based on the paragraph below what should be your conclusion? "The main research goal was to test a hypothesis that moral reasoning increases over time with brain maturation during early adulthood. A sample of 500 college students tested using a moral competence test that has good validity. Each subject was tested twice, at the beginning of their college and at the end, before graduation. The comparison of the test scores from time 1 and time 2 revealed a significant increase. This supports the hypothesis that adult moral reasoning increases with brain maturation over time."

The strength of a disconfirmation strategy

A researcher hypothesizes that people like to seek notoriety, and therefore they are more likely to watch reality shows. The criterion in this hypothesis is ___________ and the predictor is ____________.

A researcher is interested in examining the link between audience preferences and different types of TV shows. Types of TV shows is measured on what type of measuring scale?

How would you describe the relationship between a hypothesis and a research question?

The quote by Albert Einstein, "If I had an hour to solve a problem and my life depended on the solution, I would spend the first 55 minutes determining the proper question to ask, for once I know the proper question, I could solve the problem in less than five minutes.", is intended to make what point? Choose ALL that apply

Finish the sentence: Observational method is best used to ______________________________________.

Suppose I would like to know if moral reasoning and empathy are associated. What statistics should I use to address my question, given that both variables were measured on an interval scale?

What is one crucial difference between the scientific methods and Plato's method of inquiry?

Choose the best answer: Given the definition of critical thinking, what aspect of it is the most important to science ?

Even Aristotle was wrong about many things. What does this fact prove?

Content analysis is what you will do for your research project. This means that your study will have a higher __________ and lower___________ than a typical experimental study.

Suppose you conduct a study to look at the link between the stereotypical images in TV commercials and the types of products that these commercials advertise. You make a prediction that household products commercials will include more stereotypical images of men and women than non-household products commercials. Your null hypothesis is _______________ and your alternative hypothesis is___________________________.

When I calculated all three averages for my variable (mean, mode and median), all three were very similar. This tells me what about my distribution ?

What research question would be best studing using an observational design? Choose the best choice.

You conducted a content analysis of gender differences in the expression of romantic ideals in the most recent romantic comedies. Contrary to your prediction, the results showed that more male characters express romantic ideals than the female characters. Your interpretation should be __________________

Freud theorized that personality is comprised of three parts: id, ego, and super-ego. The problem with this theory is that these parts are invisible. This presents a problem of (with)_________________________.

One of the possible confounds of a longitudinal design is _____________________________________

Choose All that apply: Suppose that your predictor variable and your criterion variable are nominal, what would be an appropriate graph to use to make sense of your data?

The mean of mental illness in the subjects in the ex-poor group in the "Casino..." natural experiment _________________________________ after the opening of the Casino.

Finish the sentence: Random sampling _________________________

A researcher studies depression during extreme events. He decides to take advantage of the pandemic to examine the change in depressive symptoms of people before and during the pandemic. This is an example of _________________________________.

If a researcher is recording intensity of a certain behavior of interest, the scale of measure is most likely _______________________

The cross-sectional design resembles what experimental design?

Suppose that for your project each person in your group coded the same commercials on the same set of criteria variables. Now you want to find out how reliable your coding scheme was, what reliability measure should you use to compute this reliability?

Suppose you are studying the effect of mutual smiling on liking someone. Your data came from an experimental method where you had two conditions, mutual smiling and no mutual smiling. The dependent variable was a rating scale of liking, where each subject reported the level of liking their experimental partner from 0 (not liking at all) to 7 (liking very much). You want to examine the difference of liking between the two groups. What inferential statistical test should you use?

galileo is known as the father of modern science ______