AP human geography unit 5 FRQ

Less developed, developing, Tropical regions or between tropic lines, low latitudes former colonies utilize plantation or small-scale agriculture

Economic development: increased employment, improved foreign exchange, increased global trade/better international relationships Single commodity dependency: economic dependence on a single crop; coffee prices set by global traders, negatively impact farmers income and quality of life, low wage jobs, underdevelopment as a result of profits leaving the country Environmental: Harmful effects of agricultural chemicals, water use issues, soil erosion Agricultural land use: coffee or other cash crops versus food, limits what crops/livestock can be grown to meet local need; shift from traditional to commercial agriculture

Increased production: Increased resources dedicated to coffee production, adoption of new techniques dedicated to coffee production, increased profits Increased fair trade production: Increased farm earning/workers wages, fewer links in the commodity chain, more environmentally friendly farming techniques. Increased organic production: More environmentally friendly farming techniques, price premium Increased demand for certain blends: More acreage devoted to specialty varieties at the expense of traditional varieties

More coffee shops: The more people that want coffee and the more it is produced, the more shops will pop up to accommodate this need. They will show up in areas with alot of people such as malls, colleges, exit ramps of highways, etc. Multi-function/specialty coffee shops: Coffee shops used aas gathering spots such as to study or use free wifi, and coffee related merchandise (Mugs, gift packages, etc). Coffee shop as catalyst: Revitalization of neighborhood (Real estate value enhancer, foot traffic multiplier, etc) Environmental impact: Change in the urban viewscape (Litter and signage), traffic congestion at drive through windows, open space loss/ urban sprawl.

food grown for the farmer or farmer's kin/family Food grown for local consumption for village/community garden Food not grown for commercial purposes, sold for revenue

Clearing (Slash-and-burn tree and bush and all that) Farming (until land is no longer fertile because of nutrient depletion) Moving (shifting) to another plot of land (Saying crop rotation IS WRONG)

Lower populatlation and more available land/environmental adaptation (references to global land are WRONG) Lower physiological/nutritional/agricultural density (references to lower pop density are WRONG)

Technological advancements (fertilizers, hybrid seeds, etc): Leads to increased yields/food quantity.l Leads to sedentary farming. NOT just "Green Revolution" Expanding/growing population( NOT just "world population"): Less available land, Higher physiologic /nutritional /agricultural density. Reduced soil fertility owing to shortened fallow period Commercial ag: profitable, efficient, plantation, agribusiness, cash cropping, ranching. Competing land-use activities (e.g., logging, corporate investment, other employment opportunities): Students must state that these occur at the expense of shifting cultivation (e.g., that they lead to environmental degradation) Government/environmental policy: Controls of deforestation, restrictions on land rights or usage, limiting carbon dioxide emissions

Increased production of milk: Cows produce higher yields, meaning fewer cows are needed to meet the demand for milk; therefore there are fewer farms. Increased mechanization: Mechanization/technological changes in the milking process have enabled farmers to increase the size of their dairy herds. This efficiency has made small farms unprofitable. Displacement by urbanization: Dairy farmers close to cities where dairy farms traditionally have been located (milk shed) have been displaced by urbanization, leading to a decline in the number of dairy farms overall. IMPORTANT NOTE: • Students must identify and then explain TWO factors—that is, link the decline in the number of farms (EFFECT) to a factor (CAUSE). Just saying "agribusiness" or "industrialization" is insufficient to earn 2 points. • Do not award points for discussions of the LOCATION of dairy farms (a repetition of von Thünen's ideas) that are not directly related to the decline in the NUMBER of farms.

Increasing demand for organic products has made organic agriculture profitable and led to a growth in organic farming (both large-scale and small-scale): Consumers in the U.S. seek alternatives to the industrial products of modern agriculture because of (media-driven) concerns about the nutrition and healthiness of commercial agricultural products, Consumers have become wary of the insecticides, herbicides, fertilizers, and genetically modified organisms (GMOs) used in agriculture and to produce foodstuffs and have become concerned about related long-term health issues, Population of the U.S. is increasing in wealth and is better able to afford (and willing to pay) higher prices for organic products, etc Small farms competing with large-scale farms (agribusiness) are forced to shift to more profitable agriculture: The economies of scale achieved by large-farm operations have kept the retail price of food low. Because small-farm operations cannot achieve these economies, they have to either go out of business or shift to more intensive forms of agriculture or supply specialty food for niche markets that bring higher prices and greater profitability, e.g., producing higher-priced, higher-quality organic products

Von Thünen: agricultural, farming, or rural Burgess: urban, city, or a minimum of two descriptors

Isotropic flat plain or uniform surface; featureless • Importance of centrality (e.g., accessibility to market; CBD) • Individuals maximize profit/minimize costs/maximize use—"highest and best use" • Transportation costs are proportional to distance in all directions • Single market or CBD (e.g., isolated state)

Von Thunen: Intensive land-use near market- High profit(s) needed to pay rent . Wood and perishable/fragile products near market-High (frequent) transportation to nearby market. Extensive agriculture (grain crops/grazing) at the periphery- Low land rent or low transportation costs Burgess: Intensive land use near CBD- High costs of land/accessibility. Intensity/density of residential land use decreases with distance away from CBD- Households and other land uses locate away from the CBD, as they can afford transportation. High socioeconomic class at edge of city- Households in this range can afford larger homes and acreage, as well as transportation

X is located closer to the city or in the city and Y is located farther from the city

X- Intensive agriculture, perishable goods, accessibility to market, where farmer can maximize profit. Y- extensive ag, lower-valuable land, fewer perishable goods, less accessibility ro market,

Must identify and briefly explain factor that results in ag land-use patterns different from those in model- refrigeration, improved transportation, government policy, forests no long occupy zone close to market, ag products used for more than just food.

population increase, health benefits (low fat diets), safety of poultry vs other meats, availability (ex. chick fil a), some groups have religious taboos against beef or pork, falling prices

specialized farms for only poultry, large scale operations, a corporation controls multiple elements of poultry production

proximity to markets or transportation corridors, regional concentration in economically depressed farming areas, attraction of an immigrant workforce,