Anthropology exam 1

1. Which of the following characteristics uniquely defines the anthropological approach? A. a concern with the study of humans B. a focus on human relationships and society C. a focus on humans as biological organisms D. a holistic perspective

The holistic anthropological perspective is expansive and inclusive and involves the study of human beings as: A. complex biological and cultural organisms B. interdependent cultural and social organisms C. interdependent psychological and biological organisms D. interconnected psychological and philosophical organisms

3. Which of the following is not a perspective of anthropology? A. a holistic perspective B. an ethnocentric perspective C. a cross-cultural perspective D. a long-term evolutionary perspective

4. One aspect that makes anthropology unique among social sciences is its traditional focus on: A. peoples of Caucasian and African descent B. European peoples C. non-Western peoples and cultures D. peasants and farmers

5. What perspective best helps guard most against culture-bound theories? A. a cross-cultural perspective B. a cross-cultural and long-term evolutionary perspective C. a long-term evolutionary and philosophical perspective D. all perspectives guard against culture-bound theories

What difference did Margaret Lock find between Japanese and North American perceptions of death? A. Japanese are more comfortable harvesting organs from those declared brain dead B. North Americans are more comfortable harvesting organs from those declared brain dead C. Japanese do not use human organ transplants D. North Americans do not classify people as brain dead

Individuals within all four subfields of Anthropology practice: A. ethnological anthropology B. applied anthropology C. development anthropology D. molecular anthropology

Which of the following is not a common practice within applied anthropology? A. collaboration between anthropologists and community members B. conducting research together as a team with community members C. solving specific problems D. involvement in issues of no practical value

9. Which of the following is not a characteristic of medical anthropology? A. brings together theoretical and applied approaches B. uses approaches from cultural and biological anthropology C. studies human sickness and health D. involves anthropologists who are sick

Another name for Cultural Anthropology is: A. sociology B. ethnology C. sociocultural anthropology D. ethnography

11. Which of the following describes how anthropologists study culture: A. anthropologists study individuals who are more "cultured" than others B. anthropologists study a society's shared and socially transmitted ideas C. anthropologists grow microbial organisms D. anthropologists do not study culture

The detailed description of a particular culture primarily based on fieldwork is called: A. ethnology B. ethnography C. forensic anthropology D. molecular anthropology

Location research is also known as: A. cultural resource management B. ethnology C. fieldwork D. site research

Participant observation: A. is the common term used for the ethnographic method B. is a common cross-cultural ritual C. is not used in anthropology D. is only used in chemistry

Which of the following best describes ethnology? A. cross-cultural comparative research B. detailed description of a particular culture C. study of customary patterns in human behavior D. participant observation research

All of the following are approaches that linguistic anthropologists may take except: A. studying the way languages change over time B. describing the way that a language is formed C. analyzing which languages are superior D. studying the relation between language and culture

All of the following are features of discourse studied by sociolinguists except: A. physical and psychological setting B. social rules C. purpose D. anatomy

18. Archaeology is the study of: A. human material remains and environmental data B. human fossils C. human skeletal remains D. ancient written documents

Shallow, restricted concentrations of charcoal commonly indicate: A. hunting sites B. food processing sites C. farming sites D. religious sites

20. The term "prehistory" refers to a period in which: A. people had no means of recording their thoughts B. there was no written record C. people had no history D. humans had not yet diverged from the primate line

The study of mummified skeletal remains providing evidence of early surgery is an example of: A. the garbage project B. bioarchaeology C. sociology D. ethnology

The Garbage Project is an example of: A. ethnoarchaeology B. contemporary anthropology C. ethnology D. ethnography

All of the following are important aspects of study in the Garbage Project except: A. how to decrease consumption levels in the United States population B. testing the validity of survey techniques C. understanding the differences between what people say and what they actually do D. understanding contemporary social issues affecting a United States population

Molecular anthropology is the anthropological study of: A. atoms and molecules B. genes C. language D. exchange networks

Paleoanthropology can best be described as the study of: A. Paleolithic hunters B. genetic commonalities among the primates C. early human tool-making D. human evolution

How is paleoanthropology unique among evolutionary studies? A. it takes a biocultural approach B. it focuses on non-human primates C. it traces the biological relationships between different human species D. it considers humans to be primates and related to monkeys

Genetic analysis indicates that the first human ancestors originated: A. 10-15 million years ago B. 7-10 million years ago C. 5-8 million years ago D. 2-5 million years ago

Which of the following is not a federal act that provided the basis for Cultural Resource Management work in archaeology? A. National Preservation of Historic and Prehistoric Places Act of 1984 B. National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 C. Historic Preservation Act of 1966 D. Archaeological and Historical Preservation Act of 1974

All of the following are characteristics of the study of physical anthropology except: A. primatology B. human adaptation C. human growth and development D. ethnology

Which of the following is not studied by primatologists? A. living and fossil primates B. socio-economic status C. primate anatomy D. tool use

31. Anthropologists commonly study the basis of healthy human growth among living populations through all of the following except: A. physiology B. genetics C. hormonal development D. linguistics

32. Franz Boas found that one of the major differences between first-generation immigrants to the United States and their children was in the area of: A. education levels B. earning potential and access to resources C. height D. communicable diseases

The enlargement of the right heart ventricle among Quechua Indians is an adaptation to: A. cold weather B. high altitude C. poor nutrition D. farming

34. Short-term biological changes in response to particular environmental stimuli are referred to as: A. cultural adaptations B. environmental adaptations C. physiological adaptations D. biosocial adaptations

35. The identification of human skeletal remains is the primary focus of: A. criminology B. physical anthropology C. molecular anthropology D. forensic anthropology

36. The relationships between a forensic anthropologist and a forensic archaeologist can be likened to that between: A. a coroner and a pathologist B. a forensic crime investigator and a funeral director C. a forensic pathologist and a crime scene investigator D. a police investigator and a crime scene investigator

Which of the following individuals is a well-known forensic anthropologist? A. Clyde Snow B. Margaret Lock C. William Haviland D. Franz Boas

38. Applied physical anthropologists routinely use their expertise in all of the following areas except: A. public health B. gross anatomy laboratories C. the study of primates D. criminal investigations

39. What most distinguishes anthropology from other sciences is: A. its focus on humans as the central topic of study B. its use of biological data C. its use of social observations D. the diversity of ways in which scientific research is conducted

What does it mean to say that "Anthropology is an empirical science"? A. it focuses on the study of humans B. it works with hypotheses based on intuition C. it is based on observations D. it involves both qualitative and quantitative methods

What are the basic ingredients of science according to the authors? A. creativity and imagination B. imagination and skepticism C. skepticism and creativity D. rationalism and imagination

An explanation supported by a reliable body of data is called a: A. hypothesis B. law C. theory D. fact

What must cultural anthropologists do in fieldwork? A. step out of their own cultural comfort zone B. pretend they are a member of the society they are visiting C. collaborate with international teams working in the same area D. distort the data to fit their preconceived ideas since others are unlikely to visit the same remote location

All of the following are archaeological and paleoanthropological methods except: A. analyzing artifacts B. analyzing material culture C. processing fossils D. doing oral life histories

45. The preserved remains of plants and animals that have lived in the past are called: A. fossils B. artifacts C. casts D. mummies

The areas in which archaeologists work are known as: A. fields B. grids C. composites D. sites

Physical remains dating to _____ million years ago are found with associated cultural remains. A. 7.0 B. 5.5 C. 3.0 D. 2.5

48. The prehistoric refuse mounds found along coastal areas in North America were known as: A. dumps B. pits C. middens D. soil marks

49. The datum point is established in relation to the: A. physical surface of an area B. location of water C. grid system D. midden

If you cannot determine the exact age of an artifact, but you know by its composition that it is older than a known date, the dating technique used is called: A. chronometric dating B. relative dating C. superimposition D. absolute dating

Which of the following is a relative date? A. seriation B. potassium argon C. uranium series D. radiocarbon

Which form of dating involves the comparison of tree ring growth? A. faunal and floral series B. electron spin resonance C. dendrochronology D. fission track

if an ethnographic researcher shares stories with informants in order to exemplify the type of data he or she would like to collect, it is the use of a/an: A. eliciting device B. informal interview C. key consultant D. grid system

54. Why do ethnographers frequently utilize key consultants? A. these individuals know everything about the culture being studied B. key consultants are the anthropologists' best friends at all times C. key consultants spend time with ethnographers and provide explanations D. the key consultants are cultural informants who are willing to tell secrets

55. What is the primary advantage of using a comparative approach in anthropology? A. it allows researchers to determine which culture is superior B. it provides a broader basis for drawing general conclusions about humans C. it generates data on the fieldworker's own culture only D. all of the above

What is the name of the organization that oversees a code of ethics for anthropological research? A. United States Ethics Commission B. National Committee of Anthropological Research C. American Anthropological Association D. International Association of Anthropologists

57. One of the key causes of ethnic and religious conflict is: A. lack of education B. family background C. geographical location D. globalization

How do anthropologists classify the Nez Perce story about Coyote and Wishpoosh? A. apocalyptic myth B. salvation myth C. children's myth D. creation myth

here are the Nez Perce located? A. eastern Oregon and Idaho B. Washington and western Montana C. Tennessee and eastern Kentucky D. Massachusetts and New York

3. Evolution can be described as: A. an anti-Creationist account of the origin of life B. the foundation of culture in contemporary society C. the major organizing principle of the biological sciences D. the major organizing principle of the social sciences

4. What is the difference between evolution and theories of evolution? A. evolution is a fact, but some people prefer to see it as theory B. biologists accept evolution as a fact, but theories explain how it works C. evolution explains all change and the theories explain contemporary change D. there is no difference between these two

Which of the following statements is false? A. evolution explains diversity through scientific language using hypotheses B. evolution explains diversity through scientific language using theories C. evolution can explain diversity and creation myths cannot D. creation myths and evolutionary accounts do not differ

Which scientist developed the Systema Naturae? A. Aristotle B. Carolus Linnaeus C. Jean Lamarck D. Charles Darwin

Which of the following best describes the "Great Chain of Being" approach? A. a creation myth discovered by the Greeks in the 1st century AD B. an early scientific description of the inanimate world based on form C. a classification of animate life-forms only, with humans at the very top D. a categorization of animate and inanimate forms based on observable similarities

8. The "Great Chain of Being" was first developed by: A. Herodotus B. Aristotle C. Galileo D. Sophocles

what was unique about the "system of nature" classification when it was first proposed? A. Aristotle classified humans just below angels B. von Linné classified humans just below angels C. Linnaeus classified humans with other primates D. Aristotle classified humans with other primates

10. A reproductively isolated population or group capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring is a: A. genus B. category C. family D. species

How would you best describe a genus? A. a group of like species B. a subdivision of species C. a sub-species D. archaic forms of species

Homo describes a human _______________. A. order B. homology C. genus D. species

Charles Darwin was hired as a _______________ on the H.M.S Beagle. A. botanist B. navigator C. traveling companion D. medical doctor

14. Darwin's theory was known as the theory of: A. natural selection B. natural variation C. animal evolution D. circumnavigation

Which of the following is not a criterion that Linneaus used to determine classification of species? A. sequence of bodily growth B. body function C. prior classification D. body structure

Anatomical features that have evolved from a common ancestral feature are called: A. homologies B. taxonomy C. morphology

17. Animals with a generalized anatomy, relatively large brain, and grasping hands and feet are known as: A. chordates B. mammals C. vertebrates D. primates

Of those listed below, which is the broadest taxonomic category? A. family B. order C. phylum D. species

comparison of the anatomical structures of wings on a bat to the wings on a butterfly is an example of: A. homology B. taxonomy C. analogy D. phylogeny

The comparison of the anatomical structures of a human arm to the wing of a bat is an example of: A. homology B. taxonomy C. analogy D. phylogeny

Invoking traditional events, such as the flood in the book of Genesis, to account for species disappearance is an example of: A. exploitation B. system of nature C. Great Chain of Being D. catastrophism

What kind of theory is "catastrophism"? A. 17th-century scientific hypothesis B. 18th-century scientific theory C. 19th-century humanistic idea D. 20th-century scientific concept

Who proposed that animal populations remained stable over time because of the high proportion of animal offspring not surviving to maturity? A. Gregor Mendel B. Charles Darwin C. Thomas Malthus D. Charles Lyell

Who was responsible for providing the principles of heredity? A. Gregor Mendel B. Charles Lyell C. Thomas Malthus D. Charles Darwin

Today, Darwin's evolutionary theory is supported by data from all of the following except: A. population genetics B. comprehensive understanding of heredity C. molecular genetics D. proto-genetics

26. What was different (or unique) about Gregor Mendel's approach to gardening? A. he was a scientist and worked to create commercial plants B. he took systematic notes and was able to identify patterns of heredity C. he bred garden plants to obtain higher yields D. he worked to breed garden plants in order to obtain better varieties

The principle that variants of genes for a particular trait retain their separate identities through the generations is called: A. natural selection B. law of segregation C. law of heredity D. law of independent assortment

28. A portion of the DNA molecule containing a sequence of base pairs that encodes a particular protein is known as a: A. gene B. allele C. double helix D. chromosome

Most of the advances in heredity at the molecular level have occurred during what time period? A. latter part of the 20th century B. early part of the 20th century C. latter part of the 19th century D. early part of the 19th century

Mendel discovered that inheritance was particulate, not: A. blended B. separated C. molded D. selected

The cellular structures that contain genetic information are called: A. alleles B. genes C. chromosomes D. heritable units

Alleles are: A. the cell nucleus B. structures that carry specific proteins C. alternate forms of a single gene D. pieces of DNA

Sex cell division is called: A. independent assortment B. segregation C. meiosis D. mitosis

34. Which of the following is not one of the four base pairs? A. glucosamine B. cytosine C. adenine D. thymine

Geneticists believe that humans have approximately how many functioning genes? A. 1,062 B. 25,000 C. 15,000 D. scientists have no idea how many genes humans have

Which of the following represents an existing base pair? A. guanine and adenine B. thymine and guanine C. guanine and cytosine D. cytosine and thymine

Cell division that involves exact replication of parent cells is called: A. mitosis B. mitochondriosis C. meiosis D. cloning

During meiosis, genes are divided into: A. 2 new cells B. 4 new cells C. 6 new cells D. 8 new cells

What does Rayna Rapp's bio-cultural study of reproduction illustrate? A. the phenomenon of aggression among non-human primates B. the effect of genetic drift on rates of sickle-cell anemia transmission C. the complex interplay between biological knowledge and cultural practices D. the genetic similarity between humans and chimpanzees

Which of the following is not routinely associated with new reproductive technologies, such as genetic testing? A. a shift in cultural practices surrounding pregnancy B. potential to label disabled people as undesirable C. increased incidence of genetic assessments D. lowered incidence of pregnancy

If a young woman has blue eyes, this is her: A. DNA B. genome C. phenotype D. genotype

ince Type O Blood is co-dominant, a woman with Type O blood knows that OO is her: A. DNA B. genome C. phenotype D. genotype

A person's hair color is determined by at least two genes. Hair color is an example of: A. polygenetic inheritance B. genotype C. genome D. DNA

An example of polygenetic inheritance is: A. blood type B. skin color C. weight D. sex

Chimpanzees and humans share what percentage of DNA similarity? A. 90% B. 95% C. 97% D. 98%

49. All of the following are evolutionary forces except: A. genetic drift B. gene flow C. genetic cloning D. mutation

In evolutionary terms, what kind of force is mutation? A. negative because mutation decreases chances for survival B. positive because it provides variation for selection C. neutral because variation does not matter in the long run D. mutation cannot be evaluated in these terms

51. What variable force is most important to adaptation over time? A. founder's effect B. genetic drift C. random mutation D. gene flow

The average rate of mutation per million is: A. 100 B. 20 C. 1000 D. 30

The main structural protein for skin, bones, and teeth is: A. thymine B. adenine C. collagen D. guanine

Chance fluctuations of allele frequencies in the gene pool of a population are evidences of: A. genetic drift B. gene flow C. mutation D. directional selection

55. Founder's Effect is a type of: A. gene flow B. genetic drift C. natural selection D. environmental selection

56. A small group of people with several colorblind individuals move from the mainland move to a previously uninhabited, secluded island. Two hundred years later 5% of the people of the island have color-blindness. This is an example of: A. founder effects B. population bottleneck C. mutation D. gene flow

A painful disease in which oxygen-carrying red blood cells change into abnormal shapes is called: A. anemia B. natural blood selection C. Trisomy 21 D. sickle-cell anemia

Interbreeding allows for A. gene flow B. genetic drift C. founder's effect D. guanine

What is the evolutionary force that has kept populations from developing into separate species? A. founder's effect B. mutation C. random genetic drift D. gene flow

60. Adaptation can best be described as: A. an inherited form of anemia caused by a mutation B. dominant characteristics in the gene pool C. a series of beneficial adjustments to the environment D. the introduction of alleles from the gene pool of a non-native population

Sickle-cell anemia is found in highest frequencies in populations from: A. western Africa B. central Arica C. southern Africa D. Scandinavia

62. Why does a bulky body tend to conserve more heat than a slender one? A. it has less surface area relative to volume B. it has more surface area relative to volume C. it has more fat regulation D. it is more layered, with fat covering muscles

Scientists have found that carrying sickle-cell anemia (meaning, one is heterozygous) protects the individual from: A. chicken pox B. malaria C. pneumonia D. common cold

64. The allele for sickle-cell anemia is found primarily in areas where there are large populations of mosquitoes bearing: A. falciparum malaria B. parasitic dysentery C. smallpox D. yellow fever

The continuous gradation over space in the form or frequency of a genetic trait is known as a: A. homozygote B. polygene C. cline D. adaptive trait

In humans, climatic adaptation involves: A. body build only B. body build and cultural adaptation C. diet only D. none of the above

_______________ is the formation of a new species and _______________ focuses on the evolutionary relationships between species. A. Macroevolution/microevolution B. Macroevolution/speciation C. Speciation/microevolution D. Speciation/macroevolution

Speciation through adaptation is generally believed to occur at a pace called: A. homeobox adaptation B. punctuated equilibria C. Darwinian gradualism D. adaptive evolution

69. A sustained directional shift in a population's average characteristics is called: A. cladogenesis B. genetic drift C. anagenesis D. speciation

If two populations of primates were separated for a substantially long period of time by geographical changes, causing them, over time, to begin developing characteristics that distinguished them from each other, it could result in: A. allelic homogeneity B. gene flow C. anagenesis D. cladogenesis

What do we call the factors that separate two breeding populations? A. fission factors B. isolating factors C. punctuated equilibria D. cladogenesis

What British primatologist is most known for studies of chimpanzees? A. Jane Goodall B. Frans de Waal C. Stephen Jay Gould D. Dian Fossey

Flexible and changing behavioral patterns among non-human primates interest scientists because they provide clues about: A. the earliest development of human cultural behavior B. the psychological challenge that non-human primates face C. migration behavior and possible human physical developments D. the evolution of the great apes

Which of the following topics would best be approached by studying primates in their natural habitat? A. language-learning skills B. social dynamics C. comparative intelligence D. conceptual capacity

Which of the following causes is not a primary reason today for primate endangerment? A. habitat destruction B. collection for souvenirs C. hunting for bush-meat D. use of animals in medical labs

What statement best describes the role of ethics in field research of non-human primates? A. field research is unethical for primatologists B. ethics is not as significant an issue for primatologists as for cultural anthropologists C. ethics is more important to research on primates in captivity than those in nature D. field studies raise important ethical issues for primatologists

Approximately what percentage of the primate species is considered to be endangered today? A. 25 B. 40 C. 50 D. 100

Which of the following is the most accurate statement? Humans are considered to be part of the Primate Order because: A. we descend from apes B. we are considered to be ancestors to the primates C. primates are considered to be our first ancestors D. we share a recent common ancestry

Which of the following are not considered hominoids? A. humans B. lemurs C. siamangs D. bonobos

Mammals have all of the following characteristics except: A. a diaphragm to assist in breathing B. a four-chambered heart C. a combination of nasal and mouth cavities D. milk from mother's mammary glands

Which of the following is not a common part of the evolutionary journey of a species? A. patterned adaptation B. convergence into a common species C. divergence from a common ancestor D. random change

A creature that is active at night is considered to be: A. arboreal B. diurnal C. noxious D. nocturnal

Evidence from ancient skeletons suggests that the first mammals appeared over _______________ million years ago, while the earliest primates first evolved approximately _______________ million years ago. A. 200/65 B. 265/150 C. 175/65 D. 100/5

13. All of the following favored the emergence of the Primate Order except: A. extinction of dinosaurs B. mild climate C. glaciation D. spread of dense tropical forests

For an arboreal primate, which sense is most important in locating food? A. hearing B. taste C. vision D. smell

The sense of smell is vital for _______________ in their location of food sources. A. ground-dwelling, nocturnal mammals B. tree-dwelling, diurnal mammals C. ground-dwelling, diurnal mammals D. tree-dwelling, nocturnal mammals

What do we call vision that allows three-dimensional perception? A. prehensile B. opposable C. binocular D. stereoscopic

Which of the following does not accurately describe the primate visual system? A. nerve cells integrate the images derived from each eye B. visual field is three-dimensional, registering height, width, and depth C. nerve connections in the back of the eyes process visual information D. eyes sit next to each other on the same plane with overlapping visual fields

Which of the following statements best describes the primate brain? A. it has an increasingly integrated cerebellum that restricts primates to only the most adaptive environments B. it has an increasingly integrated cerebral cortex that restricts primates to only the most adaptive environments C. it has an enlarged cerebral cortex that provides the basis for flexible behavior patterns D. it has an enlarged cerebellum that is responsible for flexible behavior patterns

Which of the following is not an evolutionary trend in primate skeletons? A. Eyes rotated more forward B. Reduction of size of snout C. More forward position for the opening at the base of the skull D. Hands and feet have five radiating digits

What do we call the ability to grasp and manipulate objects between the thumb and other digits? A. Opposability B. Prehensility C. Brachiation D. Radiation

Which of the following is a true statement? A. the shape of the primate collarbone varies between species B. the collarbone (clavicle) in primates is long and narrow allowing flexible movements C. the collarbone (clavicle) in primates is short and stout allowing for firm posture D. primates do not have collarbones

22. Where are lemurs found today? A. Sub-Saharan Africa B. Malaysia C. Indonesia D. Madagascar

Today, from a molecular approach, primates are frequently divided into two groups: A. rhinoceros/rhinencephalon B. strepsirhines/haplorhines C. strepsirhini/diodarhini D. hominids/prosimians

Monkeys, apes, and humans are grouped together as: A. hominoids B. anthropoids C. prosimians D. hominids

25. Which of the following represent the primate group, Prosimians? A. loris, tarsier, marmoset B. siamang, tarsier, lemur C. tarsier, loris, lemur D. lemur, loris, siamamg

A second toe, called a "grooming claw," is found on: A. bonobos B. baboons C. marmosets D. lemurs

Genetically, tarsiers are most closely related to: A. lemurs B. apes C. lorises D. prosimians

Approximately how many years of evolutionary history are shared by Old World monkeys and apes, including humans? A. 4-5 million years B. 8-10 million years C. 40 million years D. 65 million years

29. Which Old World monkey is of special interest to paleoanthropologists because it lives in savannahs like those in which we expect ancestral humans may have lived? A. baboons B. chimpanzees C. lemurs D. bonobos

Which group of primates is most associated with having a prehensile tail? A. prosimians B. apes C. New World monkeys D. Old World monkeys

31. Which of the following best describes gorillas? A. They are the largest ape, bipeds, carnivores, and big "bluffers." B. They are the largest ape, knuckle-walkers, vegetarians, and big "bluffers." C. They are the largest ape, knuckle-walkers, vegetarians, and aggressive. D. They are the largest ape, knuckle-walkers, carnivores, and big "bluffers."

Which of the following is more arboreal? A. baboons B. orangutans C. gorillas D. chimpanzees

Which of the following is the most solitary ape? A. human B. gibbon C. bonobo D. orangutan

34. Among primates, adolescence is generally marked by: A. migration of males or females to new social groups B. onset of extremely aggressive behavior towards new members C. display threats and "bluffing" behavior to mark territory D. changing behavior that has no pattern

Which statement best describes the foraging behavior of chimpanzees? A. constantly shifting, they break into sub-groups and smaller units B. fixed and changing infrequently, they forage together as a group C. chimpanzees forage together in family units headed by the mother D. chimpanzees always forage alone

Frans de Waal, in his study of bonobos, has found that _______________ that occurs after an attack may be more important that the attack itself. A. migration B. food sharing C. reconciliation D. display

38. What did the field studies of Japanese primatologist Kinji Imanishi reveal about bonobos? A. importance of social ranking and competition B. importance of social cooperation C. importance of father-child bonds D. importance of male dominance hierarchies

Among chimpanzees and bonobos, grooming serves all of the following purposes except: A. to beautify the animal B. for reconciliation C. to show affection D. for hygienic purposes

Jane Goodall was the first to scientifically document what kind of behavior among chimpanzees? A. male dominance hierarchies B. mother-infant bonding C. hunting behavior D. social cooperation

Which of the following is a common mechanism used by many primates when relationships need to be maintained despite occasional conflict? A. vocalization B. reconciliation C. gathering calls D. GG rubbing

GG rubbing stands for: A. genitor-genital B. genuine-genito C. genito-genital D. genitor-genito

43. Which is the only animal group to use mediators in conflict resolution? A. Orangutans B. Gorillas C. Chimpanzees D. Bonobos

Researchers at Gombe, Tanzania have found that annually chimpanzees kill what percentage of red colobus monkeys within their habitat? A. 5 B. 10 C. 20 D. 25

Chimpanzee hunts are frequently characterized by: A. intra-group attacks and cannibalism B. male-female involvement and teamwork C. solitary hunting D. quick and opportunistic attack only

46. In his experiment with stumptail monkeys and rhesus macaques, Frans de Waal showed that: A. stumptail monkeys are more aggressive than rhesus macaques B. mediation is more significant to stumptail monkeys C. monkeys can learn and modify behavior D. stumptails learn behavioral modifications more than rhesus

47. What is unique about bonobo sexual activity among non-human primates? A. they are promiscuous within their social groups B. they do not limit their sexual behavior to times of female fertility C. they restrict themselves to male-female sexual activity D. they do not form pair bonds among sexual partners

48. Apes generally nurse their young for _______________ years. A. 5 B. 4 C. 3 D. 2

A slow period of growth and development among primates provides for all of the following except: A. built-in behavioral responses B. tight social bonds within the community C. flexible and changeable behavioral patterns D. close mother-infant bonds

Chimpanzees use which type of vocalization for group protection, coordination of group efforts, and general social interaction? A. howls B. whistles C. pant-hoots D. lip-smacking

52. How do primatologists define a "tool"? A. an object used to facilitate some task or activity B. a modified natural object C. an object which has been changed in a permanent way D. primatologists do not have a definition for "tool"

Regarding apes' communicative capacity exhibited in the wild, scientists have found that captive apes exhibit: A. less interest in communication B. a lower capacity to communicate C. completely different kinds of calls D. a greater capacity to communicate

What does Stephen Jay Gould mean by the term "golden barriers"? A. geographical areas that are set apart for conservation of non-human primates B. tendency to separate humans from the rest of the primate order as unique C. enclosures used in zoos to facilitate communication between apes and humans D. the set of communication skills that pertain only to apes and humans

Which form of contemporary technology most threatens gorilla habitats in the Democratic Republic of Congo? A. cars B. televisions C. microwaves D. cell phones