The earliest anthropologist to compare religious and spiritual beliefs around the world was E. B. Tylor. For him the heart of religious beliefs was the belief in
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rituals
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Stylized performances involving symbols that are associated with social, political, and religious activities are called
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Supernatural things
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The core of Anthony F. C. Wallace's understanding of religion was belief in
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the interpretive approach
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Geertz's approach to religion is a style of analysis that looks at the underlying symbolic and cultural interconnections within a society; this is often referred to as
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social behavior and social action
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A key feature of religious beliefs and behavior is that they are rooted in:
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sports team mascots
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Which of the following is an example of American totemism?
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magic that follows the law of similarity
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A voodoo doll is a good illustration of
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speaking in tongues
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In some Pentecostal and charismatic Christian religions adherents experience an ecstatic religious happening (often associated with shamanism), which is known as
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-the manipulation of special objects
-Spells
-Incantations
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Magical techniques may involve
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baseball
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Anthropologist George Gmelch studied which sport where he found that players used a lot of magic?
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rite of passage
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What is a life cycle ritual that marks a person's or group of persons' transition from one social state to another?
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fundamentalists
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What are people who belong to conservative religious movements that advocate a return to traditional principles called?
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too static
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A limitation of Wallace's definition of religion is that it is
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- Drawing on a mix of older and new religious concepts
-A new religious movement responding to white encroachment on their lands
-An attempt to recover self-respect
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The ghost dance among the Sioux in the 1890s was
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-stressing group identity
-Representing powerful symbols for people to focus on
-Acting as objects for group ritual activity
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Totems help create social cohesiveness by
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limited intellectual capacity
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Until the 1920s anthropologists interpreted totemism as evidence of a group's
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totems
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Anthropologist Ralph Linton reported that Americans in the military during the First World War adopted a reverential attitude toward the rainbow emblem that represented their military units that resembled the ways tribal people revered their
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-Is often frightening or dangerous
-Is at the basis of many rituals
-Usually involves working at a distance without direct physical contact
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Anthropologists now understand that magic
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there are many changes in society
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A rise in fundamentalism is often seen when
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the person is an evildoer
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Which of the following is not true about how anthropology interprets how and why somebody would become a suicide bomber?
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a pervasive sense of belonging to their group
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A common element among fundamentalists is
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the sun
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Hawaiians and other Polynesian islanders traditionally believed that mana, sacred or supernatural power, existed within certain objects, at sacred spaces, and in persons, including all of the following except
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-See themselves as promoting proper ways of life
-Work to return their society to important traditional values that seem to be slipping away as the world around them changes
-Are willing to engage in political battles to defend their ideas
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Researchers have found that fundamentalists
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the idea that religion is a system of social action
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Which approach to religious beliefs and behaviors do the textbook authors feel is most effective at explaining why people engage in religious behaviors, especially behaviors that do not directly benefit the individual, such as the actions of Jonathan Daniels, Tom Coleman, or suicide bombers in the Middle East?
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-The belief in passivism and calm encouraged by the Dalai Lama
-The worldview of the scientific community about global warming
-The practice of communion as a re-creation of the last supper
-The belief that Evangelical Christians have about human evolution
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Interpretive perspectives to religion and religious symbolism such as those of anthropologist Clifford Geertz are applicable to which of the following religious settings?
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most religions are really no more than a particular worldview
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Religious ideas are typically associated with beliefs about the supernatural, but what argument can be used to explain the beliefs and worldviews of physicists or geneticists, who may consider themselves nonbelievers?
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mascots are symbols of the team and celebrate team identity
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Which of the theories of totemism discussed in the text could help us understand the importance of mascots in American sports?
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-Interviews with former ISIS members about the leadership's strategy for releasing these videos
-Analysis of public statements by leaders in Western countries that are not the target of these recruitment videos
-Interviews with potential recruits about the meaning they give to the violent actions and activities depicted in the videos
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If you wanted to understand how state rituals reinforce support for the nation and its government, what method would you use to study why ISIS (the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria) releases videotapes of its executions and other atrocities as a marketing tool?
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-Interpreting protests against abortions at American clinics
-Understanding the attachments people have to their home communities
-Explaining why people believe things that most people think are either silly or just plain wrong
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Symbolic analysis is applicable and an appropriate analytical strategy for which of the following activities that are not strictly speaking religious?
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-Because traditional values can be associated with wise elders, prophets, and religious leaders known to be successful
-Because the past is seen as purer and closer to God's original intent than the present
-Because traditions and the past are both symbols of a known and well-understood world, especially in the context of rapidly changing conditions of the present
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Why do fundamentalists often use the language of "returning" to "traditional values" in their ideologies and rituals?
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