Which type of virus is most likely to be released by lysis of the host cell?
Enveloped virus
Non-enveloped virus
answer
Non-enveloped virus
question
T/F: Bacterial viruses are so named because they have prokaryotic cell structures similar to their bacterial hosts.
answer
False
question
Which of the following is not a strategy that bacteria use to resist the action of antibiotics?
Modification of the antibiotic by the acetylation or phosphorylation.
Cleavage of a key structural component of the antibiotic.
Altering cell membrane structure to prevent antibiotic influx.
All of the choices are correct.
answer
All of the choices are correct.
question
Many species in the phylum Crenarchaeota are considered extreme thermophiles or _______, which can grow at temperatures above 100°C.
answer
hyperthermophiles
question
When a chemotherapeutic agent is effective against many different pathogens, it is said to be a __________ antibiotic.
answer
broad-spectrum
question
Which of the following diseases is (are) caused by prions?
Scrapie
Mad cow disease
Kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
All of the choices are correct.
answer
All of the choices are correct.
question
Prions are of significance because they cause infections of
answer
domestic animals and humans.
plants.
fungi.
prokaryotes.
question
The presence or absence of an envelope is not useful in classifying viruses because any given virus may at one time have an envelope and at another time not have an envelope.
answer
False
question
An acronym that describes sequences of a protein-coding gene that specify the amino acid sequence is ________.
answer
ORF
question
Viruses infecting protists, including algae, have never been detected.
answer
False
question
The _____ is the collection of microorganisms (and their genes) that are normally present in and on an organism.
answer
microbiome
question
Isoniazid is a narrow-spectrum antibiotic that
is not useful as a chemotherapeutic agent.
is one of the few drugs effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
is one of the few drugs effective against systemic fungal infections.
None of the choices are correct.
answer
is one of the few drugs effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
question
The genome sequence of Treponema pallidum
almost immediately provided explanations for how this organism causes syphilis.
should ultimately help us understand the mechanism by which this organism causes syphilis.
identified proteins that have already been used to produce the first successful vaccine for syphilis.
has led us to be able to completely eradicate this organism.
answer
should ultimately help us understand the mechanism by which this organism causes syphilis.
question
Whose discovery of streptomycin stimulated an intense search for other antibiotics?
Waksman
Ehrlich
Fleming
Pasteur
answer
Waksman
question
For a temperate phage to produce more phage, which of the following must happen?
Lysogeny
Induction
Lysogenic conversion
Prophage formation
answer
Induction
question
Restriction endonucleases are produced by
fungi.
bacteria.
protozoa.
plants.
All of the choices are correct.
answer
bacteria.
question
Bacteria in biofilms or abscesses may be replicating very slowly and are therefore resistant to chemotherapy because many agents affect pathogens only if they are actively growing and dividing.
answer
True
question
Chemotherapeutic agents that are artificially produced are most specifically referred to as __________.
antimicrobial agents
synthetic drugs
antibiotics
semisynthetic drugs
answer
antibiotics
question
Penicillin G is frequently injected but not normally given orally because it is rapidly degraded in the stomach.
answer
True
question
Enveloped viruses may enter their host cells by engulfment within coated vesicles (endocytosis).
answer
True
question
Metagenomics has helped us to understand that the composition of the microbiome may be connected to many aspects of human health.
answer
True
question
Which of the following is likely to have the most toxic side effects to humans?
Inhibitors of cell wall synthesis
Inhibitors of protein synthesis
Disrupters of cell membrane structure
Inhibitors of DNA synthesis
answer
Disrupters of cell membrane structure
question
When a eukaryotic gene is cloned into a bacterium, the advantage of a complementary DNA (cDNA) gene being used instead of fragments of genomic DNA is that
the promoter and terminator are found in the cDNA gene but not in the genomic fragment.
the introns have been removed from the cDNA gene but not from the genomic fragment.
the cDNA is made with the nucleotides found in the prokaryote but not in the eukaryote.
There is no advantage to using a cDNA gene rather than a genomic fragment.
answer
the introns have been removed from the cDNA gene but not from the genomic fragment.
question
Which cloning vector should be used to express a 500-kb DNA fragment in Saccharomyces cerevisiae?
Multiple Choice
YAC
BAC
pUC19
?1059
answer
YAC
question
Isoelectric focusing
separates proteins based on the pH at which they are electrically neutral.
separates proteins based on their size and shape.
directly reveals the identity of unknown proteins in a complex mixture.
focuses the data gathered onto a specific protein or ORF.
answer
separates proteins based on the pH at which they are electrically neutral.
question
Ampicillin, like penicillin, must be administered by injection because it is rapidly degraded in the stomach and cannot, therefore, be given orally.
answer
False
question
The mechanism of pathogenesis by prions may involve a conformational change in the prion protein (PrP) to an abnormal form.
answer
True
question
A(n) __________ is a drug that blocks the function of a metabolic pathway.
answer
antimetabolite
question
Poliovirus receptors are found
Multiple Choice
in cells of all tissues.
in spinal cord anterior horn cells only.
in nasopharynx, gut, and spinal cord anterior horn cells.
in gut cells only.
answer
in nasopharynx, gut, and spinal cord anterior horn cells.
question
A(n) __________ is a latent form of a virus genome that remains within the host without destroying it.
answer
prophage
question
The antiviral drugs currently approved for use in HIV disease include
nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
protease inhibitors.
fusion inhibitors.
All of the choices are correct.
answer
All of the choices are correct.
question
A __________ is a DNA molecule used in hybridization reactions to detect the presence of a particular gene in separated DNA fragments.
plasmid
vector
probe
blot
answer
probe
question
Who is usually credited with the discovery of penicillin?
Fleming
Florey and Chain
Duchesne
Ehrlich
answer
Fleming
question
Who is generally credited with the discovery of sulfanilamide as a chemotherapeutic agent?
Gerhard Domagk
Ernest Duchesne
Ernst Chain
Robert Koch
answer
Gerhard Domagk
question
A PCR procedure that allows a determination of the amount of a particular DNA fragment that is present in a sample is called
Multiple Choice
quantitative PCR.
analytical PCR.
real-time PCR.
reverse PCR.
answer
real-time PCR.
question
Defining features of the halobacteria include
absolute dependence on temperatures above 65ºC for growth.
the production of methane.
absolute dependence on a high concentration of NaCl for growth.
absolute dependence on low pH conditions for growth.
answer
absolute dependence on a high concentration of NaCl for growth.
question
The combination of all the genes present in the human genome and those present in the trillions of microbes living in and on adults is known as the human __________.
answer
Metagenome
question
Electroporation is commonly used to introduce recombinant DNA molecules into cells.
answer
True
question
Which of the following best describes the basis for separation of DNA fragments during agarose gel electrophoresis?
The fragments with the highest percentage of G and C will migrate fastest.
The fragments with the highest percentage of A and T will migrate fastest.
The largest fragments will migrate fastest.
The smallest fragments will migrate fastest.
answer
The smallest fragments will migrate fastest.
question
In a disk diffusion assay for drug susceptibility, a drug producing a larger clear zone is always more effective than a drug than to one producing a smaller clear zone.
answer
False
question
Promoters for genes that code for proteins can be isolated from a cDNA library.
answer
false
question
Most enveloped viruses use the host __________ membrane as their envelope source.
plasma
nuclear
mitochondrial
none of these
answer
plasma
question
Environmental genomics is sometimes called metagenomics.
answer
True
question
Antibiotics incorporated into the culture medium can
select against organisms that have not incorporated the plasmid.
select against organisms that have incorporated a plasmid not containing the desired gene.
enhance production of recombinant proteins.
select against organisms that have not incorporated the plasmid and select against organisms that have incorporated a plasmid not containing the desired gene
answer
select against organisms that have not incorporated the plasmid.
question
Which of the following is/are necessary for the replication of a satellite virus?
Host cell only
Helper virus only
Prion only
Host cell and helper virus
answer
Host cell and helper virus
question
Most antiprotozoan drugs have few side effects since there are numerous cellular targets found in protozoa but not found in host cells that can be targeted with antiprotozan drugs.
answer
False
question
Analysis of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of microorganisms has revealed important information about their metabolic potential.
answer
True
question
The function of the viral protein coat is to
protect the viral genetic material.
aid in the transfer of the viral genetic material between host cells.
elicit the production of protective antibodies.
protect the viral genetic material and aid in the transfer of the viral genetic material between host cells.
answer
protect the viral genetic material and aid in the transfer of the viral genetic material between host cells.
question
Isoelectric focusing separates proteins based on the pH at which they are electrically _________.
answer
neutral
question
Aminoglycoside antibiotics
inhibit cell wall synthesis.
inhibit folic acid biosynthesis.
bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit.
bind to bacterial DNA polymerase.
answer
bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit.
question
A temperate phage always lyses its host cell.
answer
false
question
Which of the following inhibits protein synthesis?
Dapsone
Erythromycin
Penicillin
Isoniazid
answer
Erythromycin
question
Which of the following is/are not true about viral envelopes?
The envelope proteins are virus specific.
The envelope lipids and carbohydrates are derived from the host.
They are typical lipid monolayers with embedded viral proteins.
The envelope proteins are virus specific and the envelope lipids and carbohydrates are derived from the host.
answer
They are typical lipid monolayers with embedded viral proteins.
question
ORF refers to
the location of the start site of transcription.
the region of a gene that codes for a protein or a functional RNA product.
the region of a gene that serves as the promoter.
the region between the ribosome binding site and translation initiation codon.
answer
the region of a gene that codes for a protein or a functional RNA product.
question
Which of the following encodes its own capsid proteins?
Satellite virus
Satellite DNA
Satellite RNA
Prion
answer
Satellite virus
question
When two or more genes from the same genome have nucleotide sequences so alike that they most probably arose from gene duplication those genes are called _______.
homologs
orthologs
paralogs
duologs
answer
paralog
question
Which of the following is not true about Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method?
After inoculation of bacteria, the agar surface is dried for about 5 minutes and the appropriate antibiotic test disks are placed on it.
The plate is placed at 35°C for 16 to 18 hours of incubation.
Bacteria used to swab plate should be at least a week old.
The diameters of the zones of inhibition are measured to the nearest millimeter.
answer
Bacteria used to swab plate should be at least a week old.
question
Defining features of the halobacteria include
Multiple Choice
absolute dependence on temperatures above 65ºC for growth.
the production of methane.
absolute dependence on a high concentration of NaCl for growth.
absolute dependence on low pH conditions for growth.
answer
absolute dependence on a high concentration of NaCl for growth.
question
In order for successful antibiotic therapy, the in vivo level of the antibiotic must be greater than or equal to the MIC.
answer
true
question
Specialized transduction can be carried out by
Multiple Choice
any bacteriophage.
any temperate bacteriophage.
only those temperate bacteriophages that integrate into the host chromosome. Correct
All of the choices are correct.
answer
only those temperate bacteriophages that integrate into the host chromosome.
question
The production of cholera toxin by virulent strains of Vibrio cholera is dependent upon genes in a bacteriophage. This is an example of
Multiple Choice
lysogenic conversion.
induction.
bacterial transformation.
transduction.
answer
lysogenic conversion.
question
A drug that disrupts a microbial function not found in animal cells usually has a higher therapeutic index.
answer
True
question
The method of nucleotide sequence determination that utilizes dideoxynucleotides was developed by _________.
answer
Sanger
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