2018 Psychology – POST QUIZ

This defense mechanism offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions. This is known as:

According to psychoanalytic theory, boys' fear of castration is most closely associated with:

American university students are more likely than Japanese university students to describe themselves in terms of their:

Personality inventories typically gather information by means of:

Learned helplessness is most likely to promote:

When Vanessa noticed she was wearing mismatched socks, she overestimated the extent to which others would also notice. Her reaction best illustrates:

A psychotherapist instructs David to relax, close his eyes, and state aloud whatever thoughts come to mind no matter how trivial or absurd. The therapist is using a technique known as:

Surveys of the incidence of sexual harassment in the United States indicate that:

Aggressive behavior is most likely to be ________ by injections of testosterone and ________ by consumption of alcohol.

Most children believe their school is better than the other schools in their town. This best illustrates:

In Milgram's obedience experiments, "teachers" were most likely to deliver high levels of shock when:

The fundamental attribution error refers to our tendency to underestimate the impact of ________ and to overestimate the impact of ________ in explaining the behavior of others.

Early one Halloween evening, Bart's friends asked him to join them in smashing their neighbors' decorative pumpkins. He complied. Later, he was surprised by his own failure to resist them when they asked him to throw eggs at passing police cars. Bart's experience best illustrates the:

Sherif's study of conflict in a Boy Scout camp indicated that conflict between two groups of boys could be reduced most effectively by:

Philip Zimbardo devised a simulated prison and randomly assigned college students to serve as prisoners or guards. This experiment best illustrates the impact of:

It has been suggested that baring the teeth is universally associated with the expression of anger because this ability to convey threats has helped humans to survive. This suggestion best illustrates the:

Employees who have just been laid off are asked questions that encourage them to express hostility toward their employer. Research suggests that this opportunity to vent anger will:

The term "catharsis" refers to emotional:

Most young children are fearful of bees, even though they have never been stung by one. This best illustrates that fear:

Who is the best example of a Type A personality?

The three successive phases of the general adaptation syndrome are:

The risk of heart disease is increased by:

The subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to the prevention and treatment of illness is known as:

The fraternal birth order effect refers to a factor associated with:

According to Maslow, our need for ________ must be met before we are prompted to satisfy our need for ________.

About 8 months ago, 14-year-old Shelley went on a drastic weight-loss diet that caused her to drop from 110 to 80 pounds. Although she is now dangerously underweight and undernourished, she continues to think she looks fat. Shelley most clearly suffers from:

The set point is:

Homeostasis refers to:

Dr. Milosz electrically stimulates the lateral hypothalamus of a well-fed laboratory rat. This procedure is likely to:

On some college football teams, players are rewarded for outstanding performance with a gold star on their helmets. This practice best illustrates the use of:

Although Nicole scored well above average on the SAT, she frequently loses her temper and needlessly antagonizes even her best friends. Her behavior best illustrates a low level of:

Miss Jan De Jong is orderly, neat, fairly quiet, and shy. She enjoys reading in her spare time and belongs to a social club that includes three librarians, nine real estate agents, and eight social workers. A tendency to conclude that Jan must be one of the three librarians would illustrate the powerful influence of:

Although diagnosed with autism and hardly able to speak coherently, 18-year-old Andrew can produce intricate and detailed drawings of scenes he has viewed only once. Andrew illustrates a condition known as:

College students are more likely to choose a condom that is said to be effective when informed that it has a 95 percent success rate than when told it has a 5 percent failure rate. This best illustrates the impact of:

The indelible memories of the 9/11 terrorist tragedy unduly inflated many people's estimates of the risks associated with air travel. This best illustrates the importance of:

A test of your capacity to learn to be an automobile mechanic would be considered a(n) ________ test.

Experts who defend intelligence tests against the charge of being culturally biased and discriminatory would be most likely to highlight the ________ of intelligence tests.

Binet and Simon designed a test of intellectual abilities in order to:

If a test yields consistent results every time it is used, it has a high degree of:

An algorithm is a:

Susan had difficulty recognizing that a sea horse was a fish because it did not closely resemble her ________ of a fish.

The tendency to incorrectly estimate that more people die from accidents and homicides than from strokes and diabetes best illustrates the influence of:

The ability to control one's impulses and delay immediate pleasures in pursuit of long-term goals is most clearly a characteristic of:

Sandra completed the Computer Programming Aptitude Test when she applied for a position with Beta Electronics. Six months later, she took the same test when she applied for a position with another company. The fact that her scores were almost identical on the two occasions suggests that the test has a high degree of:

After spending two hours trying to solve an engineering problem, Amira finally gave up. As she was trying to fall asleep that night, a solution to the problem popped into her head. Amira's experience best illustrates:

For several years Ruth played softball for the sheer enjoyment of the game. Her loss of intrinsic interest in playing after being recruited by a professional team for $100 a game best illustrates:

John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of:

If one chimpanzee watches a second chimp solve a puzzle for a food reward, the first chimp may thereby learn how to solve the puzzle. This best illustrates:

Gamblers who insert coins in a slot machine are reinforced on a ________ schedule.

Jake is a carpet installer who wants to be paid for each square foot of carpet he lays rather than with an hourly wage. Jake prefers working on a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

Long after her conditioned fear of dogs had been extinguished, Marcy experienced an unexpected surge of nervousness when first shown her cousin's new cocker spaniel. Her unexpected nervousness best illustrates:

Months after she was raped, Mary's heart pounds with fear merely at the sight of the apartment in which she was attacked. This best illustrates:

Negative punishment ________ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcement ________ the rate of operant responding.

After reading a newspaper report suggesting that drunk driving might have contributed to a recent auto accident, several people who actually witnessed the accident began to remember the driver involved as traveling at a greater speed than was actually the case. This provides an example of:

As a child, Mike experienced a vivid dream in which he was chased and attacked by a ferocious dog. Many years later, he mistakenly recalled that this had actually happened to him. Mike's false recollection best illustrates:

George has learned the sentence "My Very Earnest Mother Just Showed Us Nine Planets" as a way to remember the names of the nine planets. This illustrates the use of:

After her last drinking spree, Karen hid a half-empty liquor bottle. She couldn't remember where she hid it until she started drinking again. Karen's pattern of recall best illustrates:

As an aid to memorizing lengthy speeches, ancient Greek orators would visualize themselves moving through familiar locations. They were making use of:

The clear unforgettable memory of your 1st kiss is an example of a ______.

Words, events, places, or emotions that trigger our memory of the past are called:

The process by which our sensory systems convert stimulus energies into neural messages is called:

Color constancy refers to the fact that:

During a hearing test, many sounds were presented at such a low level of intensity that Mr. Koktosin could hardly ever detect them. These sounds were below Mr. Koktosin's:

Sensation is to ________ as perception is to ________.

Giulio's bag of marbles is twice as heavy as Jim's. If it takes 5 extra marbles to make Jim's bag feel heavier, it will take 10 extra marbles to make Giulio's bag feel heavier. This best illustrates:

The perception of an object as distinct from its surroundings is called:

Although college textbooks frequently cast a trapezoidal image on the retina, students typically perceive the books as rectangular objects. This illustrates the importance of:

Martha insists that her dreams frequently enable her to perceive and predict future events. Martha is claiming to possess the power of:

Susan asked her roommate to lower the radio as she was trying to study. Her roommate had turned the radio up originally from a volume level of 14 to 15 which was just enough for Susan to detect. She turned it back down to 14 after Susan asked her to lower it. This is probably the result of:

When young adults are deprived of time cues, their circadian rhythms

In large amounts, alcohol is a _______; in small amounts, it is a _________.

Mr. Oates always sleeps restlessly, snorting and gasping throughout the night. It is most likely that Mr. Oates suffers from:

Which of the following can hypnosis do?

Compared to others, those with a fantasy-prone personality are likely to:

Greg remembered a recent dream in which his girlfriend suddenly grabbed the wheel of his speeding car to prevent him from driving off the edge of a cliff. Greg's therapist suggested that the dream might be a representation of the girlfriend's frantic efforts to save the couple from sexual disaster. According to Freud, the therapist was attempting to reveal the ________ of Greg's dream.

The ovaries in females and the testes in males are part of the:

The Minnesota Twins Study has provided new information adding to the nature/nurture debate. Which of the following groups of subjects would be the most informative on this topic?

Evolutionary psychologists attribute gender differences in attitudes toward casual sex to the fact that men have ________ than do women.

Concepts of masculinity and femininity that influence our perceptions are called gender:

Intense and reactive infants become unusually anxious and aroused when facing new or strange situations. This best illustrates the importance of:

It has been suggested that men in all cultures tend to marry women younger than themselves because men are genetically predisposed to seek female features associated with youthful fertility. This suggestion best illustrates:

Premature babies are especially likely to gain weight if stimulated by:

Jaquetta was exposed to excess testosterone during prenatal development. As a young girl, Jaquetta is likely to:

Compared to fraternal twins, identical twins are:

The leading cause of mental retardation, ________, may result in babies whose mothers drank alcohol heavily during pregnancy.

During which of Piaget's stages does a person develop an awareness that things continue to exist even when they are not perceived?

Physical abilities such as muscular strength, reaction time, sensory keenness, and cardiac output reach their peak during:

When placed close to a gauze breast pad from their nursing mothers, week-old babies are likely to:

Compared to "late bloomers," boys who mature sexually at an early age tend to be more:

During the last few years, 75-year-old Mrs. Esterhouse has gradually become so mentally disoriented that she can't find her way around her own house and often fails to recognize her husband. It is most likely that Mrs. Esterhouse is suffering the effects of

Which technique involves repeating the essence of an earlier research study with different participants and in different circumstances?

Correlational research is most useful for purposes of:

If the points on a scatterplot are clustered in a pattern that extends from the upper left to the lower right, this would suggest that the two variables depicted are:

Several weeks after a political election, voters often exaggerate their ability to have predicted the election outcome. This best illustrates:

In order to assess reactions to a proposed tuition hike at her college, Ariana sent a questionnaire to every fifteenth person in the college registrar's alphabetical listing of all currently enrolled students. Ariana employed the technique of:

In a group of five individuals, two report annual incomes of $10,000, and the other three report incomes of $14,000, $15,000, and $31,000, respectively. The mode of this group's distribution of annual incomes is:

The mean of a distribution of scores is the:

To minimize the extent to which outcome differences between experimental and control conditions can be attributed to placebo effects, researchers make use of:

The tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our own attitudes is known as:

Which of the following correlation coefficients expresses the weakest degree of relationship between two variables?

Which of the following methods is most helpful for revealing cause-effect relationships?

Psychologists who carefully watch the behavior of chimpanzee societies in the jungle are using a research method known as:

A correlation between physical attractiveness and dating frequency of +0.60 would indicate that:

In order to discover the extent to which economic status can be used to predict political preferences, researchers are most likely to employ:

Our tendency to notice and remember instances in which a premonition of an unlikely phone call is actually followed by the call most clearly contributes to:

According to the text and class presentation, psychology is defined as:

Psychoanalytic perspective of psychology emphasizes:

Cognitive psychology focuses on the study of:

Which research technique can explain cause-effect relationships?

In an experimental study of the effects of sleep deprivation on memory, memory would be the _________.

Correlations range from _______.

The specialist most likely to have a medical degree is a(n) __________.

Which of the following represents the correct order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

The first stage of prenatal development is called the ______ stage.

According to Erikson, the first developmental crisis is:

The brain and spinal cord are two divisions of the _________ nervous system.

Most nerve cells have which of the following three basic components?

The lobes of the human brain, which play an important role in decision-making and planning for the future, are called the _____.

Hypnosis has been shown to be effective in:

The human sleep cycle repeats itself every ________.

According to Freud, the latent content of a dream refers to:

in Pavlov's original research with dogs, the meat powder (food) served as a(n) _________.

In operant conditioning, positive reinforcers __________ the rate of responding and negative reinforcers __________ the rate of responding.

The common tendency in individualistic cultures to attribute the behavior of others to internal, personal characteristics, while ignoring or underestimating the effects of external, situational factors is called:

Social psychology is defined as the sub-field of psychology that:

In his classic (original) study of obedience, Milgram found that _____ of subjects would shock an innocent person to what they believed was 450 volts.

Schizophrenia is a major mental disorder that involves the chemical messenger:

The highest (per capita) suicide rate is found in _______.

Psychological disorders in which individuals lose contact with reality and experience delusions and/or hallucinations are known as ____________.

Mary is described as a "worry wart". She spends a substantial portion of her life worried about various aspects of her life (e.g. family, health, work, finances). She lives with a "low key" nervousness. If she were to see a psychologist, she would most likely be diagnosed with ________.

For several years Ruth played softball for the sheer enjoyment of the game. Her loss of intrinsic interest in playing after being recruited by a professional team for $100 a game best illustrates:

John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of:

If one chimpanzee watches a second chimp solve a puzzle for a food reward, the first chimp may thereby learn how to solve the puzzle. This best illustrates:

Gamblers who insert coins in a slot machine are reinforced on a ________ schedule.

Jake is a carpet installer who wants to be paid for each square foot of carpet he lays rather than with an hourly wage. Jake prefers working on a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

Long after her conditioned fear of dogs had been extinguished, Marcy experienced an unexpected surge of nervousness when first shown her cousin's new cocker spaniel. Her unexpected nervousness best illustrates:

Months after she was raped, Mary's heart pounds with fear merely at the sight of the apartment in which she was attacked. This best illustrates:

Negative punishment ________ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcement ________ the rate of operant responding.

After reading a newspaper report suggesting that drunk driving might have contributed to a recent auto accident, several people who actually witnessed the accident began to remember the driver involved as traveling at a greater speed than was actually the case. This provides an example of:

As a child, Mike experienced a vivid dream in which he was chased and attacked by a ferocious dog. Many years later, he mistakenly recalled that this had actually happened to him. Mike's false recollection best illustrates:

George has learned the sentence "My Very Earnest Mother Just Showed Us Nine Planets" as a way to remember the names of the nine planets. This illustrates the use of:

After her last drinking spree, Karen hid a half-empty liquor bottle. She couldn't remember where she hid it until she started drinking again. Karen's pattern of recall best illustrates:

As an aid to memorizing lengthy speeches, ancient Greek orators would visualize themselves moving through familiar locations. They were making use of:

The clear unforgettable memory of your 1st kiss is an example of a ______.

Words, events, places, or emotions that trigger our memory of the past are called: