14-16 psych

During adolescence, the _____ matures before the _____ in the brain. • Limbic system (fear, emotional impulses) matures before the prefrontal cortex (planning ahead, emotional regulation).

-Several longitudinal studies show a direct link between stress and puberty. -Harsh parenting increased cortisol levels which affects puberty, increased sexual risk, but not other risks (Belsky and colleagues). -Evolutionary theorists suggest shaping of genome over millennia. *Affects children who are genetically sensitive to context *Makes reproduction more difficult in adulthood and hastens hormonal onset of puberty

• Early-maturing girls tend to have lower self-esteem, more depression, and poorer body image than later-maturing girls. • Early-maturing girls may be attracted to older boyfriends and enter into abusive relationships more often than other girls. • Early-maturing boys are more aggressive, law-breaking, and alcohol-abusing than later-maturing boys. • Slow developing boys tend to be more anxious, depressed, and afraid of sex. • Size and maturation are important for many adolescents in every nation.

the heightened self-consciousness of adolescents, which is reflected in adolescents' beliefs that others are as interested in them as they are in themselves, and in adolescents' sense of personal uniqueness and invincibility

adolescents' belief that they are the focus of everyone else's attention and concern

In Piaget's theory, the fourth and final stage of cognitive development, characterized by more systematic logical thinking and by the ability to understand and systematically manipulate abstract concepts.

An adolescent's egocentric conviction that he or she cannot be overcome or even harmed by anything that might defeat a normal mortal, such as unprotected sex, drug abuse, or high-speed driving.

type of thought common to adolescents in which young people believe themselves to be unique and protected from harm

Erikson's stage during which teenagers and young adults search for and become their true selves • Identity - Consistent definition of one's self as a unique individual, in terms of roles, attitudes, beliefs, and aspirations • -Identity versus role confusion - Erikson's term for the fifth stage of development in which the person tries to figure out "Who am I?" but is confused as to which of many possible roles to adopt

• Identity achievement - Erikson's term for the attainment of identity, or the point at which a person understands who he or she is as a unique individual, in accord with past experiences and future plans Role confusion (identity diffusion) • A situation in which an adolescent does not seem to know or care what his or her identity is. Foreclosure • Erikson's term for premature identity formation, which occurs when an adolescent adopts parents' or society's roles and values wholesale, without questioning or analysis. Moratorium An adolescent's choice of a socially acceptable way to postpone making identity-achievement decisions. Going to college is a common example

the degree to which parents keep track of where their adolescents are and what they are doing • Parental monitoring: Parents' ongoing awareness of what their children are doing, where, and with whom. - Positive: Part of a warm, supportive relationship - Negative: When overly restrictive and controlling - Worse/Psychological: Parents make a child feel guilty and impose gratefulness by threatening to withdraw love and support

a feeling that you should do something because that is what your friends want • involves encouragement to conform to one's friends or contemporaries in behavior, dress, and attitude

destructive peer support in which one person shows another how to rebel against authority or social norms

repeatedly thinking and talking about past experiences; can contribute to depression • Feelings of hopelessness, lethargy, and worthlessness that last two weeks or more • Varied causal factors: Biological and psychological stress; genes; rumination with peers • Rumination refers to the tendency to repetitively think about the causes, situational factors, and consequences of one's negative emotional experience • Basically, rumination means that you continuously think about the various aspects of situations that are upsetting

• Any potentially lethal action against the self that does not result in death • Parasuicide is common, completed suicide is not. • An apparent attempt at suicide, commonly called a suicidal gesture, in which the aim is not death. • For example, a sublethal drug overdose or wrist slash. Previous parasuicide is a predictor of suicide. • The increased risk of subsequent suicide persists without decline for at least two decades