U.S. History Chapter 12

24 August 2022
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What helped fuel economic growth in the United Sates during the mid-1800s?
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The movement of Americans from farms to cities
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What allowed factories to become more productive during the 1840's and 1850s?
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Steam began to be used as an energy source
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Why did so many migrants move to the Midwest between 1830 and 1860?
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The rich soil made conditions favorable to farming
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Agricultural productivity in the Midwest increased in the late 1830s partly because of
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John Deere's steel plow
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To help facilitate the increase in U.S. agricultural productivity in the 1840s and 1850s, the federal government
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sold the land for as little as $1.25 an acre
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Why did American manufacturers, unlike their European counterparts, invent labor-saving methods and devices during the first half of the nineteenth century?
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Workers were in limited supply and thus more expensive
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Which region led the nation in manufacturing?
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New England
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The "American system" of standardized parts allowed manufacturers to
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hire less expensive, unskilled workers
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What was the effect of the growth of railroads in the 1850s?
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New industries, like telegraph communications, flourished
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Who tended to benefit from America's impressive economic growth in the early nineteenth century?
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Native-born white men
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Supporters of the free-labor ideal claimed that the system
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allowed hired laborers to become self-employed
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What did free-labor proponents believe about education?
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It offered another opportunity for Americans to achieve their potential
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Which statement describes the economic status of Americans by 1860?
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Most Americans owned no land
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Three-fourths of the almost 4.5 million immigrants who arrived between 1840 and 1860 came from either Ireland or
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Germany
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Most German immigrants were the families of
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skilled tradesmen
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What happened to most Irish immigrants who arrived in the United States in the 1840s and 1850s?
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Most immigrants entered at the bottom rung of the free-labor ladder
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What did New York journalist and armchair expansionist John L. O'Sullivan mean when he coined the term manifest destiny in 1845?
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Americans had the God-given right to expand their civilization across the continent
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How did the United States and Great Britain resolve competing claims on the Oregon territory in 1818?
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The two nations decided on joint occupation
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How did white settlers who traveled west in wagon trains during the mid-1800s bring devastation to the Plains Indians?
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Whites brought with them alcohol and deadly diseases
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What was the experience of most women settlers in Oregon?
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They worked tirelessly
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Who led the Mormon exodus to the Great Salt Lake?
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Brigham Young
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Within ten years of arriving at the territory around the Great Salt Lake, the Mormon community
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developed an efficient irrigation system
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Why were Mexico's northern borderlands vulnerable to American expansionists?
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The borderlands were sparsely populated
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Who were the migrants who settled on the Texas land granted to Stephen F. Austin by Mexico in the 1820s?
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Southerners who brought cotton and slaves with them
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Texans gained their independence from Mexico in 1836 after
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Sam Houston's army defeated Santa Anna's troops in a surprise attack
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Who triumphed at the Alamo in March 1836?
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the Texians
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In the 1820s, Americans were beginning to trickle into thinly populated California; in an effort to increase Mexican migration to that area, the Mexican government
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granted huge estates to new Mexican settlers
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Why did Congress refuse to annex Texas into the Union?
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Texas would come into the Union as a slave state
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What was the dominant issue in the 1844 presidential election campaign?
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Territorial expansion
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President Tyler obtained approval for the annexation of Texas
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through a joint resolution of Congress
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How was President Polk able to add Oregon to U.S. holdings?
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He renewed an old offer to divide Oregon along the forty-ninth parallel
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When Mexico refused the Polk administration's offer to buy Mexico's northern territories, the United States realized manifest destiny would require
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military force
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Which group was most outspoken in its opposition to war with Mexico?
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Whigs
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What was President Polk's strategy to win the Mexican-American War?
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to occupy Mexico's northern provinces and win a couple of major battles, after which Mexico would sue for peace
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Of the 13,000 American soldiers who died during the Mexican-American War, most
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died from diseases
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Which general made a successful amphibious landing at Veracruz on March 9, 1847?
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General Winfield Scott
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What did Mexico agree to do under the terms of the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo?
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Mexico gave up all claims to Texas north of the Rio Grande and ceded California and the Utah and New Mexico territories to the United States
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Why did massive numbers of immigrants pour into California in the late 1840s and early 1850s?
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They sought gold
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The Gold Rush created a social environment that was
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competitive, violent and unhealthy, but growing rapidly
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Which group attracted scrutiny owing to its members' dress, eating habits, and recreational use of opium during the California gold rush?
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The Chinese
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How did the gold rush affect California Indians?
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They were attacked and pushed off their land
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What do the transcendentalists believe?
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That society and its institutions- particularly organized religion and political parties- ultimately corrupted the purity of the individual
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The Oneida community was known for its
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practice of complete sexual freedom
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The convention at Seneca Falls in 1848 advocated
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women's rights and suffrage
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Abolitionists in the 1840s and 1850s made their issue more attractive to white Northerners
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by promoting limitations on the geographic expansion of slavery
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What was the goal of the American Colonization Society?
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To gradually free slaves, through purchasing them, and send them to Africa
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In 1855, African American leaders saw their most notable success to date when, in Massachusetts,
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public schools were integrated
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Who founded the "underground railroad" to help fugitive slaves escape from the South?
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Harriet Tubman