The Protestant Reformation

The movement against the holy roman church, sparked by luther because of the corruption , a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches

German monk and professor of theology at the university of wittenberg, A German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.

Who was the pope who wanted to raise money to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica in Rome?, began to sell indulgences to raise money to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica in Rome; tried to get Luther to recant his criticisms of the church; condemned him an outlaw and a heretic when he would not do so; banned his ideas and excommunicated him from the church

A friar who was raising money to rebuild St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome by selling indulgences. Indulgences were not supposed to affect God's right to judge. Unfortunately, he gave people the impression that by buying indulgences, they could buy their way into heaven.

Luther's idea of salvation derived from St Paul who said "the just shall live by faith". Luther said the way to heaven was inner faith not outward acts

Luther's description of Indulgences.

Written by Martin Luther and is widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. It is vitally important to understand that these theses were used for the intent of displaying Luther's displeasure with the Church's indulgences

Luther claimed the bible was the supreme authority, not the pope. He was helped by the printing press to translate this into the the vernacular

An act that is regarded by theologians as a transgression of God's will

Of or relating to or supporting Catholicism

This is why martin luther was excommunicated

(theology) in Roman Catholic theology the place where those who have died in a state of grace undergo limited torment to expiate their sins

What Luther did while hiding

Invented by Johannes Gutenberg in Germany, it greatly increased the speed and lowered the cost of printing. Helped Luther

Founder of the church in England and ruled England from 1509-1547. He broke the Catholic church because he couldn't get a divorce

The daughter of King Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon, known as bloody mary, daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon who was Queen of England from 1553 to 1558. Restored Catholicism killed many and married Phillip II of Spain.

Utterance, or writing showing contempt for something sacred

Henry VIII mistress during the time of the English Reformation, she gave birth to Elizabeth, future queen of England. One of the reasons Henry VIII wanted to get his marriage to Catherine annulled is so that he could marry her.

What was the name of the new church started by King Henry that allowed him to divorce?

(1547-1553) King Henry VIII's only son. Sickly, and became King at 9 years old. Since he wasn't capable of governing his country the Protestant church was soon brought in through his advisors Cromwell and Cranmer.

The attempt to reform the spiritual matters within the Catholic Church and stop the spread of Protestantism during the 1530s

atonement for sin

Catholic relative to Protestant Queen Elizabeth I of England. She allegedly plotted with Spain's Philip II to overthrow Elizabeth and reassert Catholicism in England. Elizabeth had her beheaded.

What was the meeting of church leaders where they helped clarify church position on doctrine from 1545-1563?

A person is no longer able to receive the sacraments and to be considered a member of the Church.

the Inquisition that guarded the orthodoxy of Catholicism in Spain (especially from the 15th to the 17th centuries)

Tudor Queen of England. Succeeded Mary I in 1558 and ruled until 1603. In addition to leading the defeat of the Spanish Armada and developing England into a world power, she strengthened Protestantism. Daughter of Henry VIII.

territories controlled by other countries

Europeans worked hard during day doing what? ***

The Spanish fleet that attempted to invade England, ending in disaster, due to the raging storm in the English Channel as well as the smaller and better English navy led by Francis Drake. This is viewed as the decline of Spains Golden Age, and the rise of England as a world naval power.

A Polish astronomer who proved that the Ptolemaic system was inaccurate, he proposed the theory that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the solar system.

German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion (1571-1630)

Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars; demonstrated that different weights descend at the same rate; perfected the refracting telescope that enabled him to make many discoveries (1564-1642)

English mathematician and scientist who invented differential calculus and formulated the theory of universal gravitation, a theory about the nature of light, and three laws of motion. His treatise on gravitation, presented in Principia Mathematica (1687), was supposedly inspired by the sight of a falling apple.

Who is the English physician who studied the HEART and the circulation in the body and described the movement of blood through the veins and arteries? ***

the French philosopher and mathematician who developed a philosophy based on his own REASON, which became the basis of MODERN WESTERN view of the universe and its physical properties

Italian painter, engineer, musician, and scientist. The most versatile genius of the Renaissance, Leonardo filled notebooks with engineering and scientific observations that were in some cases centuries ahead of their time. As a painter Leonardo is best known for The Last Supper (c. 1495) and Mona Lisa (c. 1503).

English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658)