Chap 4

Members of the Society of Friends, or Quakers, believed that 1. there was no such thing as God; rather, each human being was his or her own "god." 2. God spoke directly to each individual through an "inner light" and that neither a minister nor the Bible was necessary to discover God's word. 3. God spoke directly to each individual through an "inner light" and that only a few individuals possessed the talent to interpret God's voice sufficiently to be a clergyman. 4. God spoke directly to each individual through an "inner light" that directed them to worship only on Wednesdays and Saturdays

When the English assumed control of New Netherland, they continued the Dutch policy of religious toleration because 1. New York became a proving ground for England's own newly enacted policies regarding religious toleration. 2. King Charles II's liberal religious views influenced the policies there. 3. colonists there agreed to provide twice as many recruits for the English army than other colonies provided. 4. the heterogeneity of New Netherland made imposing a uniform religion not only difficult but nearly impossible.

The New England town meeting 1. is a mythical concept in early American history and was never very important. 2. was the first political format in early America to allow women and blacks a significant political voice. 3. was basically a male-bonding experience that allowed the men of the community to gather for militia drills and a day of revelry. 4. brought together a town's inhabitants and freemen in an exercise of voting and popular political participation that was unprecedented elsewhere during the seventeenth century.

Charles II made William Penn the proprietor of a new colony partly 1. to spread the system of Quaker beliefs. 2. to keep him quiet about corruption and scandal involving the queen. 3. to encourage Methodists to move from England. 4. to rid England of Quakers.

Puritans who described themselves as Separatists believed that 1. their religious convictions should remain separate from those found on the European continent. 2. a strict interpretation of the Bible required separate religious services for men and women. 3. the Church of England was beyond redemption and sought to separate themselves from it permanently. 4. a trial separation from the Church of England would give them time to sort out what they most needed to change in their religious lives.

During most of the seventeenth century, New Netherland was 1. the fastest-growing colony in the New World due to its popularity with European immigrants. 2. a Dutch colony whose land was discovered in explorations made by Peter Stuyvesant in the 1630s. 3. a Dutch colony whose land was discovered in explorations made by Henry Hudson in 1609. 4. an English colony based on tobacco farming and trade with the Dutch.

After Massachusetts became a royal colony in 1691, the defining characteristic of Massachusetts citizenship became 1. divine grace. 2. wealth. 3. ties of nobility. 4. familial connections to England

In 1664, New Netherland 1. became New York when King Charles II presented it to his brother James, the Duke of York, as part of a larger grant of land. 2. formed a representative government and lowered property taxes in the colony. 3. established a stronger colonial government that proved able to thwart England's bid to overrun the colony. 4. became New Jersey when the king purchased it from the Netherlands as part of a deal stipulating that the Dutch exit the New World forever.

Puritan communities in the first half of the seventeenth century could be characterized by 1. conformity to a work ethic that demanded that children as young as eight work alongside their parents. 2. strict segregation of males and females in worship. 3. a high degree of conformity in community members' views on morality, order, and propriety. 4. huge celebrations on holy holidays such as Christmas or Easter.

The Indian policy in seventeenth-century Pennsylvania 1. involved purchasing Indians' land, respecting their claims, and dealing with them fairly. 2. was more repressive then the Indian policies in the other English colonies of the time. 3. involved letting the Indians keep their lands if they became Quakers. 4. was similar to Indian policies of the other English colonies of the time.

New England's population continued to grow steadily during the seventeenth century primarily due to 1. the continuing flood of immigrants from England. 2. a new source of immigrants from continental Europe. 3. an influx of settlers from colonies farther south. 4. a relatively high birthrate coupled with a climate that helped many children survive and live into adulthood.

The seventeenth-century New England economy mainly consisted of 1. subsistence farming mixed with fishing and timber harvesting for markets in Europe and the West Indies. 2. diversified agriculture producing staples for the world market. 3. little more than subsistence farming with some produce for the local market. 4. re-exporting commodities shipped from England.

According to John Winthrop's sermon aboard the Arbella, the Puritans had "entered into a covenant" with God, meaning that they 1. were to transfer the beliefs of the Church of England to the western shores of the Atlantic in return for ten generations of exceptional religious leaders. 2. had been chosen to set up a missionary franchise in America with the exclusive charge to convert Native Americans to Christianity. 3. had agreed to leave England in return for God's assurance that they would prosper and become wealthy in God's new kingdom. 4. had been uniquely chosen to do God's special work of building a holy community as an example to others.

King Henry VIII saw in the Protestant Reformation the opportunity to 1. renounce his Catholic faith so that he could achieve salvation. 2. end religious disputes and unrest in England. 3. make himself the head of the church in England. 4. organize a large army and march on the Vatican.

Anne Hutchinson's emphasis on the "covenant of grace" stirred religious controversy in early Massachusetts because 1. she said only her followers would achieve salvation. 2. it was feared she was disrupting the good order of the colony. 3. she encouraged other women to take an active part in religious governance. 4. she said the Puritan leaders should be excommunicated

King William's War, an attack by Great Lakes and Canadian French forces on villages in New England and New York, demonstrated to the American colonists that 1. they could hold their own in military matters. 2. English military protection from hostile neighbors was still very valuable. 3. they needed to populate the western territory as soon as possible to drive out the French. 4. the French were not committed to hanging on to their New World possessions.

Among other things, religious toleration in Quaker-dominated Pennsylvania meant that colonists there 1. tended to be less religious than in other colonies. 2. could attend any church but were required to worship every week. 3. did not have to pay taxes to maintain a state-supported church 4. did not have to put up with Catholics.

The Puritan doctrine of predestination held that before the creation of the world, God had decided who would achieve salvation, 1. that nothing one did could alter one's fate, and that because of God's love for humankind most would know eternal life. 2. that nothing one did could alter one's fate, and that very few deserved or would achieve eternal life. 3. and that God would communicate clearly with each soul he had decided to save. 4. that nothing one did could alter one's fate, and that God might change his mind at any time.

Churches played no role in the civil government of New England communities because 1. Puritans did not want to emulate the Church of England, which they considered a puppet of the king rather than an independent body that served the Lord. 2. Puritans held that religious beliefs should never influence government. 3. the majority of Puritans wanted to ensure that minor religions retained their autonomy and freedom. 4. Puritans believed it to be sacrilegious to conduct the affairs of government in the same structure used to worship God.

Accusing people of witchcraft in seventeenth-century New England seems to have been 1. a way to explain the continual disorder in some communities by blaming difficulties on mostly older, relatively defenseless women assumed to be in league with Satan. 2. a creatively perpetrated hoax, as few people really believed in witches. 3. a way to explain the continual disorder in some communities by blaming difficulties on young, prosperous women who elicited jealously among less well-to-do colonists. 4. a way to explain the continual disorder in some communities by blaming difficulties on mostly older, relatively defenseless men assumed to be in league with Satan.

The charter of the Massachusetts Bay Company was unique because it 1. allowed women investors to vote along with men in the concerns of the colony. 2. obligated the English government to reimburse investors for any financial losses they might suffer during the first five years of settlement. 3. contained a feature that allowed the government of the company to be located in the colony rather than in England. 4. encouraged those emigrating to Massachusetts to abandon the traditional English class structure.

As Roger Williams spent a great deal of time with Native Americans, he believed 1. that Indian religion was evil and blasphemous. 2. English settlers had a legal right to take Indian-held land. 3. that Indian religion and culture was as good as that of the Puritans. 4. that all Indians should be converted to the Puritan faith.

King Philip's War (1676) left New England settlers with 1. a large war debt, a devastated frontier, and an enduring hatred of Indians. 2. a society so devastated by death and destruction that fresh infusions of English settlers were required to repopulate many areas. 3. the task of rebuilding Boston, which the Nipmucks and Narragansetts had leveled. 4. a deep and abiding respect for Native Americans

In 1688, the Glorious Revolution in England influenced American colonists to 1. organize military groups to sail to England to help overthrow William of Orange. 2. pledge new support for the concept of the Dominion of New England. 3. rise up against royal authority (and the concept of the Dominion of New England) in Massachusetts, New York, and Maryland. 4. show their support for the religious convictions of King James II.

New England Puritanism owed its religious roots to the 1. followers of John Huss during the fifteenth century. 2. Mayflower Compact. 3. schism between the Roman and Byzantine churches. 4. Protestant Reformation of the early sixteenth century.

The Halfway Covenant was a 1. a rule adopted in Massachusetts allowing the unconverted to worship in the colony's meetinghouses, but only in the back half of the buildings. 2. measure designed to alleviate a labor glut in Massachusetts by instituting a half-day's pay for a half-day's work. 3. measure instituted by Puritan leaders in 1662 allowing the unconverted children of visible saints to become halfway church members, a measure meant to keep communities as godly as possible. 4. legal agreement between merchants and shippers dividing the cost of lost cargoes between the two.

. The Quaker maxim "In souls there is no sex" helps explain 1. the degree to which Quakers allowed women to assume positions of religious leadership in the seventeenth century. 2. the fact that Quakers generally frowned upon the customary gender structure of their own day and time. 3. the Quaker belief that men and women would be saved in equal numbers. 4. why Quaker women held many important political offices in seventeenth-century Pennsylvania.

Because of the seventeenth-century New England land distribution policy, towns 1. were connected by well-engineered roads that encouraged trade. 2. featured homes that surrounded pastures so the grazing animals would be protected. 3. tended to consist of centrally located family homes and gardens surrounded by agricultural land. 4. were few and far between, with most people living on isolated small farms.

The colony of New Netherland was marked by a 1. large, remarkably diverse population. 2. large population consisting almost exclusively of people from France and Spain. 3. small, remarkably homogeneous population. 4. small, remarkably diverse population.

Sixteenth-century English Puritanism 1. interpreted Protestantism as a call for increased influence of the clergy in the lives of average parishioners. 2. was a set of broadly interpreted ideas and religious principles held by those seeking to purify the Church of England and to remove from it what they considered the offensive features of Catholicism. 3. was a well-organized, centrally administered religious reform movement. 4. took few ideas from Martin Luther and John Calvin.

The Wampanoag Indians attacked the New England settlements in 1675 because 1. the New Englanders had been steadily encroaching on land the Indians needed to survive. 2. the Indians were tired of the Puritans trying to convert them. 3. of a long-standing feud over the kidnapping of a Puritan woman that finally erupted into warfare. 4. a new spiritual leader arose among the Wampanoags and commanded the Indians to drive the whites from their homeland.

In the seventeenth century, Puritan churches