The Nervous System

what is the central nervous system composed of

Peripheral nervous system

Functions of the Nervous system

Steps: Homeostasis

Brain

Spinal chord

Structures of the brain

Cerebrum

Cerebrum: left hemisphere

Cerebrum: right hemisphere

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Cerebrellum

Brain Stem

Hippocampus

main function of the central nervous

Fuctional MRI (fMRI)

Factors that affect interpetation of data of a functional MRI

Which portion of the brain is located closest to the spinal cord?

What is the main difference between the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

What do the meninges and the cerebrospinal fluid have in common?

Which factor is least likely to affect the results and interpretation of a functional MRI? -cancerous growth -prescription medication -sprained ankle -caffeinated soda

Which structure is at work when the body deals with reflex actions? -meninges -brain stem -vertebral column -spinal cord

Which is least likely a description of the central nervous system (CNS)? -The CNS processes information that is received from the stimuli -receptors. -The CNS is found in the central area of our upper body, close to the heart. -The CNS sends out information so that the body can react appropriately to stimuli. -The CNS is composed of the brain and the spinal cord.

Which part of the brain receives sensory stimuli and passes along the information to the other parts of the brain? -brain stem -thalamus -cerebrum -hippocampus

When you are exposed to disease-causing germs, which type of tissue is your first line of defense? epithelial connective muscle nervous

Which type of tissue allows for coordination and control of movement? muscle epithelial nervous connective

The image below shows a type of human tissue. mc005-1.jpg What is its function? binding organs and tissues together control and coordination movement protection

Which property of connective tissue is fundamental to its function of binding tissues and organs? cells that contain actin and myosin mostly made of protein fibers regenerative properties tightly packed cells

Which of the following is an example of epithelial tissue? the brachialis muscle insulating fat the outer lining of the parotid gland hyaline cartilage covering bone

What is a group of cells that are similar in structure working together to perform a similar function? colony organ tissue organism

An allogenic skin graft allows a person with a burn to receive skin from a donor. Patients are often given drugs to suppress their immune system. Why would a patient need to be given these drugs? The body would recognize the donor tissue as foreign material and would mount an immune response. More blood is needed to heal tissue and thus would result in great vascularization of the tissue. Nerve endings would be regenerated. Pain would be diminished during the transplant.

Which is the basic functional unit of life? organism organ tissue cell

The carpals are bones that make up part of the hand. mc005-1.jpg To which skeletal system do the carpals belong? spongy skeleton compact skeleton axial skeleton appendicular skeleton

Where is fat stored in the bone? red bone marrow yellow bone marrow spongy bone compact bone

Which mineral can the breakdown of bone release to keep the body in homeostasis? cesium carbon calcium copper

How does the skeletal system help aid the body when it is sick? physical protection of internal organs from disease-causing organisms filtration of disease-causing organisms from the body production of white blood cells that can destroy disease-causing organisms storage of calcium that makes bones stronger and less prone to attack from disease-causing organisms

Consider the skeleton. mc001-1.jpg Which skeletal system is represented by the shaded portion of the skeleton? spongy skeleton compact skeleton axial skeleton appendicular skeleton

How is the skeleton similar to the frame of a house? Both are made of calcium. Both provide shape and support. Both allow movement. Both separate the structures into compartments.

Consider the skeleton. mc017-1.jpg Which type of bone is indicated by the arrow? long irregular flat short

The humerus is the long bone that extends from the shoulder to the elbow. Which skeletal system does the humerus belong to? spongy skeleton compact skeleton axial skeleton appendicular skeleton

Ball-and-socket joints allow this gymnast to complete many of the routines that she performs. mc020-1.jpg In which part of the body is a ball-and-socket joint found? wrist elbow hip knee

Rheumatoid arthritis is a disease that occurs when the body's immune system starts attacking its own joint tissue. The symptoms are pain, inflammation, and swelling in the joints. Orthopedists (doctors who study bones) and immunologists (doctors who study the immune system) both work with patients who have rheumatoid arthritis. What is the difference between the orthopedists and immunologists who treat the disease? Only the orthopedists examine the symptoms. Only the immunologists examine the symptoms. The orthopedists focus on the joints, and the immunologists focus on the cause The immunologists focus on the joints, and the orthopedists focus on the cause.

What functions does the muscular system perform? It provides stability, movement, and posture. It generates and conducts electrical signals. It produces melanin, which protects from the sun. It produces oil, which protects from foreign invasion.

How does the muscular system help humans maintain posture? Muscles continually align themselves vertically to help maintain posture. Muscles continually push bones to be straight. Muscles constantly contract and relax to help fight gravity. Muscles constantly contract and relax to help work with gravity.

What is the function of the type of muscle that is pictured below? mc014-1.jpg support and movement of the skeleton movement of food through the digestive system contraction and relaxation of the heart generation and conduction of electrical signals

How do the muscles help in thermoregulation? Muscles produce oil that burns in the presence of oxygen. Muscles undergo a chemical reaction that absorbs heat. Muscles break down carbon dioxide, producing heat. Muscles contract rapidly, producing heat.

Which two structures make up the muscular system? muscles and bones muscles and ligaments muscles and tendons muscles and joints

Which function of the muscular system is best illustrated by the heart pumping blood throughout the body? hormone regulation support and strength involuntary movement voluntary movement

How does the structure of the skeletal muscle help it perform its function? Its spindle-shaped cells allow it to do smooth movements. Its striations allow for big movements. Its nucleated cells allow it to trigger involuntary actions. Its discs allow it to coordinate movement with other cells.

Look at the image of a muscle fiber. mc019-1.jpg Which is represented by the image? smooth muscle cardiac muscle actin and myosin sacromere and tendon

Which best describes the top and bottom images of muscle contraction? mc024-1.jpg mc024-2.jpg The top image is more relaxed than the bottom image. The top image has greater actin-myosin interactions than the bottom image. The bottom image is more relaxed than the top image. The bottom image has fewer overlaps than the top image.

What is the main difference between the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS)? The CNS involves the brain and spinal cord, and the PNS involves the body nerves. The CNS involves the body nerves, and the PNS involves the brain and spinal cord. The CNS involves sensory neurons, and the PNS involves motor neurons. The CNS involves motor neurons, and the PNS involves sensory neurons.

The central nervous system (CNS) contains a number of components that perform specific functions within the body. Some functions, such as breathing, swallowing, and blood circulation, are involuntary, or done without conscious control. Which part of the CNS is responsible for these functions? cerebrum hippocampus cerebellum brain stem

Penelope is adding fractions while taking a math test. What part of her brain is at work? spinal cord cerebrum cerebellum hypothalamus

Why are functional MRIs useful to doctors? They can ease pain in patients. They can reduce tumors in patients. They show which parts of the brain are involved in specific activities. They distinguish between the possible causes of a symptom.

Which structure is at work when the body deals with reflex actions? meninges brain stem vertebral column spinal cord

The spinal cord is made up of_____ the pons and the medulla. the brain and the brain stem. white and gray matter. gray matter only.

Which is a function of the central nervous system? pumping blood through the body controlling coordination in the body fighting bacteria that enter the body breaking down carbohydrates in the body

Jill stepped on a tack. Which part of the central nervous system caused her foot to move off the tack quickly in a reflex response? hippocampus cerebrum spinal cord hypothalamus

What do the meninges and the cerebrospinal fluid have in common? Both help information pass through the spinal cord. Both are involved in protecting the brain. Both affect sleeping and waking patterns. Both are involved in physical coordination and balance.

Which best describes the uterus? It is a muscular organ where a developing offspring grows. It is the external part of the female genital organs. It is the birth canal of the female reproductive system. It is the organ in the female that carries the egg to the uterus.

Which organs are responsible for producing fluid to give sperm nourishment and motility? vas deferens testes seminal vesicles prostate glands

Which hormone is responsible for the development of the male secondary sex characteristics? estrogen progestin progesterone testosterone

Which organ is the male copulatory organ? vas deferens testes scrotum penis

What day is considered to be the first day of a female's reproductive cycle? When hormone levels are low and the uterus lining is shed. When hormone levels are high and the uterus lining is shed. When hormone levels are low and the ovary releases an egg. When hormone levels are high and the ovary releases an egg.

What are the functions of the male reproductive system? production of semen and urine production of gametes and hormones production of progesterone and estrogen production of urine and hormones

Which best describes the ovary? It produces progesterone. It does not influence breast development. It produces testosterone. It is the location for egg fertilization.

What is the purpose of the vas deferens? to store, develop, and transport sperm cells from the testes to release the sperm from the penis to produce seminal fluids to give sperm motility to transport the sperm from the epididymis to the urethra

Which organ produces estrogen and progesterone? testes ovaries uterus epididymis

The head of a human offspring turns down and prepares to enter the birth canal during______ the first trimester. the second trimester. the third trimester. birth.

Which of the following is a part of the male gamete formation, but not in female gamete formation? testes ovaries gametes oogonia

When a doctor is able to determine the sex of the fetus during an ultrasound, which stage of development is the fetus in? third trimester blastocyst formation first trimester second trimester

Which diagram correctly displays the order of events during egg formation? primary oocyte ® secondary oocyte ® meiosis I ® meiosis II ® ovum ovum ® meiosis I ® primary oocyte ® meiosis II ® secondary oocyte primary oocyte ® meiosis I ® secondary oocyte ® meiosis II ® ovum primary oocyte ® meiosis I ® ovum ® meiosis II ® secondary oocyte

What is one difference between oogenesis and spermatogenesis? Oogenesis occurs in females, but spermatogenesis occurs in males. Oogenesis starts at puberty, but spermatogenesis starts before birth. Oogenesis involves mitosis, but spermatogenesis involves meiosis. Oogenesis involves differentiation, but spermatogenesis does not involve any differentiation.

Drinking alcohol during pregnancy negatively impacts development of the fetus because: the mother's body is unable to process alcohol. alcohol crosses the barrier that the placenta creates. the mother can no longer produce primary oocytes. alcohol causes the mother to have facial distortions.

Which best describes oogenesis? Oogenesis involves mitosis but not meiosis. Oogenesis differentiates oogonia directly into eggs. Oogenesis starts in development and then is halted until puberty. Oogenesis happens in the testes.

What is one difference between a primary oocyte and a secondary oocyte in humans? A primary oocyte contains 46 chromosomes, while a secondary oocyte contains 23 chromosomes. A primary oocyte is produced after birth, while a secondary oocyte is produced before birth. A primary oocyte develops in both men and women, while a secondary oocyte develops only in women. A primary oocyte is the product of meiosis, while a secondary oocyte is the product of mitosis.

What happens to a spermatid to change it into a sperm cell? Meiosis occurs, making the sperm cell haploid. The nuclei of two polar bodies fuse, making a diploid cell. A tail is added, making the sperm a motile cell. A membrane hardens, making the sperm a nonmotile cell.

Which process produces human egg and sperm cells? fertilization ovulation pregnancy gametogenesis

A person who has allergies has a compromised immune system because the body's immune system: attacks its healthy cells. overreacts to an antigen. steals nutrients from healthy cells. responds to mutagens.

One function of the immune system is to attack the foreign cells to protect the body. In organ transplants, the body recognizes that the new organ is made of foreign cells. What kind of medicine would you give a patient to increase the chances of transplant success? Medicine that makes the immune system less effective. Medicine that makes the immune system more effective. Medicine that allows the immune system to produce and secrete hormones. Medicine that allows the immune system to regulate nerve responses.

What is the difference between B-cell lymphocytes and T-cell lymphocytes? B cells regulate blood pH, and T cells regulate body temperature. B cells are produced in the thymus, and T cells are produced in the bone marrow. B cells engulf bacteria, and T cells carry bacteria to the lymph nodes. B cells produce antibodies, and T cells destroy infected cells.

Which are the physical (P), chemical (C), and biological (B) immune responses? P: complement system; C: saliva; B: coughing P: coughing; C: saliva; B: complement system P: coughing; C: sneezing; B: complement system P: complement system; C: saliva; B: sneezing

How does fever indicate that your body's immune system is doing its job? Fever increases white blood cell production. Fever raises the body's temperature to destroy harmful substances. Fever triggers inflammation. Fever causes the secretion of hormones that fight harmful substances.

Vaccination is a process of injecting a dead or weakened form of a germ into the body. How does this help strengthen the immune system? It allows the body to increase its internal temperature. It allows the body to regulate the inflammation response. It allows the body to keep germ information for future infections It allows the body to increase its desire to eat healthy food.

Which is an effect of a compromised immune system? decreased antibody production improved ability to fight disease increased lymphocyte production reduction in pathogens entering the body

Why is the action of phagocytes considered a nonspecific response? It does not occur at any specific temperature. It is not involved with the production of any specific type of lymphocyte. It does not respond to any specific type of hormone. It is a response to any type of harmful substance.

A person who has a weakened immune system may not be able to fight against infection because_____ pathogens may enter the body and cause illness. phagocytes many enter the body and cause illness. normal cells crowd out unhealthy cells. of an increase in the production of antibodies.

The same, unknown bacteria is isolated from 20 sick individuals. Their samples were grown in culture and then placed in 10 healthy mice. Those mice started to show signs of a heightened immune response. To determine if the bacteria is pathogenic, what is the next step by using Koch's postulates? Classify the bacteria as a noncommunicable disease. Classify the bacteria as a communicable disease. Reisolate it, and determine if it is the original unknown bacteria. Treat the original 20 individuals with antibiotics.

Maia's family has a history of heart disease. What can she do to help lower her chance of having heart disease? Lower her whole grain consumption. Decrease social interactions. Lower her sodium intake. Increase her calcium intake.

How might social interactions help lower the risk of Alzheimer's disease? by helping a person remember things by helping keep a person's mind active by helping a person feel young by helping a person stay in touch with reality

Diseases such as a cold or flu are caused by ___________.

Tobias has mononucleosis. Mononucleosis is a disease that tires and weakens the body. It is caused by a contagious virus that is transferred through direct contact. Which would be the best explanation of how Tobias contracted mononucleosis? Tobias never exercised and was more susceptible to the virus. As a male, Tobias has a better chance of getting mononucleosis. Tobias inherited the gene from his parents. Tobias drank from a water fountain that was contaminated.

Roman says that the risk of osteoporosis can be reduced by making certain lifestyle choices. Which lifestyle choice could Roman be referring to? increasing social interaction opportunities lowering salt intake managing stressful situations increasing calcium intake

Which statement best describes the germ theory of disease? Diseases are caused by bad-smelling poisonous vapors that contain decaying matter. Diseases are created or generated spontaneously within the body Diseases can be isolated and grown in cultures. Diseases are caused by the presence and action of specific microorganisms.

Chicken pox is a virus that causes an itchy rash but typically does not have any major or lasting effects on an infected person. Before 1995, chicken pox parties were popular. In a chicken pox party, healthy children were brought around children who were sick with chicken pox so that they would be exposed to the virus and their immune system would learn to fight it. A vaccine for chicken pox was developed in 1995, and chicken pox parties are now rare. What best describes how vaccines have advanced science? Vaccines are more effective on ethnicities that are highly susceptible to a disease. Vaccines can determine which genes can cause disease. Vaccines can minimize lifestyle choices that allow for greater exposure to a disease. Vaccines allow for building immunity without harmful exposure because not all viruses are safe to be exposed to.

Candace is wanting to be sure that she is doing what she can to prevent the spread of disease. Which of the following should she be sure to do? Take medicine to destroy the germs. Avoid contact with other people's bodily fluids. Wear warm clothes. Eat healthful foods such as fruits and vegetables.

According to the germ theory of disease, disease is caused by________. decaying matter. chemicals. microorganisms. miasma.

How does a motor neuron work when a mosquito is seen on an arm?

How would an injury in the central nervous system affect the peripheral nervous system?

Which list best represents the flow of stimuli information in the body?

Which best describes the central and peripheral nervous systems?

Which word belongs in a different group than the group below? brain, glands, motor neuron, movement, muscles, sensory neuron, stimuli

What is the role of sensory neurons in the breakdown of food?

Which part of the nervous system is the first to work when Joshue feels a raindrop fall on his arm?

Read the passage below. Prior to the 1970s, scientists believed that new neurons could not be generated in adult brains. In the 1970s, Dr. Goldman and Dr. Nottbohm discovered that hormones injected in adult songbirds could cause female songbirds to develop new neurons. Which statement best exemplifies the scientific principal that occurred in this case?

Which best describes the parasympathetic nervous system?

Which is an example of how the peripheral nervous system helps the body maintain homeostasis?

Which best describes the sympathetic nervous system?

Which statement explains the difference between a nerve that is connected to the skin and a nerve that is connected to a muscle?

Read the passage below. Prior to the 1970s, scientists believed that new neurons could not be generated in adult brains. In the 1970s, Dr. Goldman and Dr. Nottbohm discovered that hormones injected in adult songbirds could cause female songbirds to develop new neurons. Which statement best exemplifies the scientific principal that occurred in this case?

The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are both a part of which division of the nervous system?

Which autonomic system is most likely to be dominant while someone is in a stressful situation?

Which best describes the parasympathetic nervous system?

What is the role of sensory neurons in the breakdown of food?

How does a motor neuron work when a mosquito is seen on an arm?

Which is an example of how the peripheral nervous system helps the body maintain homeostasis?

Which part of the nervous system is the first to work when Joshue feels a raindrop fall on his arm?

Which statement differentiates sensory neurons and motor neurons?

Sensory neurons carry stimuli information to the brain; motor neurons carry processed information to muscles and glands

Which list best represents the flow of stimuli information in the body?

Which structure would be unaffected by the peripheral nervous system?

Which word belongs in a different group than the group below? brain, glands, motor neuron, movement, muscles, sensory neuron, stimuli

Which statement describes the synapse?

Which list of words describes an action potential?

Which part of the neuron below is indicated by the arrow, and what is its function?

Which type of neuron allows someone to feel when raindrops fall on his or her arm?

A dog starts chasing Gretchen. When her brain sends a signal to her muscles to run, which neurons are at work?

Which words list the correct order of activated neurons in a reflex arc?

Which function is specific to the neuron?

Which type of neuron carries information to muscle cells or glands that use information from the brain to perform actions?

Which best describes an axon with myelin and an axon without myelin?

What new experimental method was used after the team of scientists had the hypothesis about mirror neurons?

Why is the synapse important? -It allows information to go from one neuron to another through neurotransmitters. -It allows the nerve impulse to travel within the neuron due to neurotransmitters. -It allows the cell body to regulate the activities of the neuron. -It allows faster transmission of information through the neuron.

What new experimental method was used after the team of scientists had the hypothesis about mirror neurons?

Which type of neuron carries information to muscle cells or glands that use information from the brain to perform actions?

Which terms below are associated with communication between neurons?

Which words list the correct order of activated neurons in a reflex arc?

Which type of neuron allows someone to feel when raindrops fall on his or her arm?

Which type of neurons did scientists discover are involved in imitation?

Which best describes neurons?

Which kind of reaction best describes the transmission of information between neurons across the synapse?

Look at the image of a synapse. mc017-1.jpg Which letter correctly labels the synapse?

Which best describes an axon with myelin and an axon without myelin?

sensory neurons?

motor neurons

A tall man's condition is due to a malfunction in the pituitary gland, which secretes growth hormone. Damage to which part of the brain may be indicated by this condition?

Saul makes the analogy that the body is like a school. Which is the best analogy for the central nervous system?

which types of tissue play a role in protecting the body from internal and external hazards?

Which is the best response by the skin to a bleeding paper cut?

Which of the following would most likely help scientists conclude that kidney disease can result from not drinking enough water?

Yolanda pricked her finger on a sharp object. Which type of neuron allowed her body to cause the movement that removed her hand from the sharp object?

What do the salivary glands, the pancreas, and the stomach have in common?

Which of the following are sites where waste products are released from the body but not where they are produced?

Scientists use information about digestion to help design new cleaning products because they break down materials. What enzymes should be included in cleaners that are aimed at removing stains from a greasy hamburger patty?

While a home was undergoing a renovation, workers discovered that there was asbestos in the walls. Before any further work could be attempted, the family that owned the house had to evacuate, and specialists were brought in to remove the asbestos. Why would the house contain a substance that forced the family to be evacuated?

Carpal tunnel syndrome results from too much pressure being applied to the median sensory nerve

What is the function of the valves within the heart and veins?

Which substance is constantly processed by some excretory organs even though it is not excreted by the excretory system

The muscular system helps in digestion and circulation.

initiate cell division

The brain stem controls blood circulation.

capillaries

Blood vessels are not located in the epidermis, but in the underlying dermal connective tissue.

Scientists will apply this discovery in their work to grow neurons in human brain injury cases.

Sensory neurons carry information from the sense organs to the central nervous system; motor neurons carry processed information from the central nervous system to muscles or glands.

digestion

Saul makes the analogy that the body is like a school. Which is the best analogy for the central nervous system?

protease and lipase

comparing the rates of kidney disease reoccurrence in recovering patients who increased their daily water intake vs. those who did not increase their daily water intake

but no specific diet has been proven to boost the immune system.

nephron

decreased antibody production