PSYC 2314 Midterm

_______development is the field of study that examines patterns of growth, change, and stability in behavior that occur throughout the entire lifespan

A researcher working with college age football players is conducting a longitudinal study to examine an athlete's decline in physical performance as the athlete ages. What type of development would the research most likely be studying?

Researchers who use intelligence testing as part of their research project with elementary age students are likely to be researching _____ development.

A student reads a flyer on the campus bulletin board that says a researcher is searching for students to volunteer for a long-term study. Participation includes completing testing that measures traits such as temperament, and adaptability, as well as being available for follow-up for the next 10 years. The researcher who is developing this study is most likely interest in _____ development.

______ development involves the way in which individuals', interactions with others and their social relationships grow, change, and remain stable over the course of life.

What characteristic of good parenting do Mayan mothers consider essential?

A _____ is a specific time during which a particular event has the greatest consequences

In a ____ organisms are particularly susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli in their environments, but the absence of those stimuli does not always produce irreversible consequences.

What issue has dominated much work in lifespan development?

Which of the following suggests that unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior?

The ____________ suggests that keys to understanding development are observable actions and outside stimuli are the environment.

Which perspective considers the relationship between individuals and their physical, cognitive, personality, and social worlds?

In _______ research, the researcher could tell if an association or relationship between two factors.

______ research is designed to discover casual relationships between various factors

Rod-shaped chromosomes, portions of DNA, are organized in ____ pairs

Any differences in future development of monozygotic twins can attributed only to _____ factors

The 23rd pair of chromosomes in males contains the _____-shaped chromosome

Sometimes genes , for no known reason, change their form in a process called

The first, and the shortest, stage of prenatal period is called the _____ stage

The hormone _________ is produced in __________, which some scientists speculate may lead to differences in male and female brain structure, and later variations in gender-related behavior(s).

Fertility is ________ correlated with age.

Women who give birth over the age of _____ are at a greater risk for a variety of pregnancy and birth complications.

Studies have found that maternal consumption of an average of ___ alcohol drink(s) a day during pregnancy is associated with lower intelligence, psychological affects, and behavior in their children.

Labor proceeds in _____ stages.

What is the major reason why very-low birthweight babies are in grave danger from the moment they are born.

Infant mortality has been generally ______ since the 1960s.

Waking, eating, sleeping, and elimination are important parts of a baby's

The basic nerve cell of the nervous system is called a

_________ receive messages from other cells, and at their opposite end there is a long extension called a(n) ________ which carries the messages.

Communication with other neurons is done by means of _________ that travel across the small gaps called ______________.

_________ is the degree to which a developing structure or behavior is modifiable due to experience.

Research indicates that there are minor structural differences in the male and female brains. For example, a section of the __________ is proportionally larger in women than in men.

Which of the following is the most likely reason for adolescent impulsivity and risky behavior(s)?

What is the term for unlearned, unorganized, involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli?

As William is laying his infant down in the crib at bedtime, he gently removes his hand from the back of the baby's head and neck, and the baby thrusts its arms outward appearing to grasp onto something. This is known as the _______ reflex.

All of the following are gross motor skills that a 5-year-old preschooler possesses EXCEPT

Which of the following researchers suggests a flexible approach to toilet training, which advocates that it be put off until the child shows signs of readiness?

The researcher Robert Fantz discovered that

What is the term for the approach that considers how information that is collected by various individual sensory systems is integrated and coordinated?

According to researchers Arnold Lazarus and Susan Folkman, the assessment of an event to determine whether its implications are positive, negative, or neutral is called

According to researchers Arnold Lazarus and Susan Folkman, the assessment of whether one's coping abilities and resources are adequate to overcome the harm, threat, or challenge posed by the potential stressor is called

The study of psychoneuroimmunology suggests that when a stressful situation is encountered several biological reactions occur, including all of the following EXCEPT

Some experts suggest that some adolescent eating disorders are a result of

Which of the following is not considered a psychosomatic disorder?

Allison is having a great deal of difficulty in her statistics class. She goes to her teacher to discuss ways in which she can improve her skills, or even drop the class if necessary. Allison is demonstrating

When a person attempts coping that involves unconscious strategies that distort or deny the true nature of a situation, this is called

Infants who receive adequate nutrition but act as though they have been deprived of food because they are listless and apathetic are exhibiting

The most common nutritional concern during adolescence is

Meredith is a 17-year-old adolescent female who weighs approximately 82 pounds and is gaunt and frail with a skeletal appearance. Although she fears food and eating, she focuses on food by talking about food, collecting cookbooks, and cooking huge meals for others. Whenever she looks at herself in the mirror, her perception of her body is distorted in that she thinks she is disgustingly fat. Meredith is suffering from which of the following disorders?

The average preschool child has __________ colds and other respiratory illnesses in each of the years from age 3 to 5.

What is considered the greatest risk to the health and well-being of a preschool-age child?

Which of the following most likely contributes to the high level of accidents in the preschool-age group?

What does the American Academy of Pediatrics suggest to prevent SIDS?

All of the following are reasons why adolescents become addicted to smoking EXCEPT

Which of the following STIs can be fatal?

A condition in which the bones become brittle, fragile, and thin, often brought about by a lack of calcium in the diet is called

The term for physical declines brought about by environmental factors of an individual's behavioral choices is

The American College of Sports Medicine and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention recommend that people should accumulate

Many preventative and diagnostic medical tests are routinely recommended for middle-aged adults because

Behavior that is categorized by competitiveness, impatience, and a tendency toward frustration and hostility is called

Which of the following is the most common mental disorder of the elderly, covering several diseases, each of which includes serious memory loss accompanied by declines in other mental functioning?

Who was the Swiss developmental researcher whose theory of developmental stages highly influenced a considerable amount of work on cognitive development?

Piaget believed that the basic building blocks of the way children understand the world are mental structures called

Four-year-old Alex and his mother visited the zoo. While they were there, Alex's mother took him to see the squirrel exhibit. Alex saw many different types of squirrels, but when he saw a flying squirrel glide from one branch to the next he pointed and said, "A bird." Considering Piaget's work, Alex is demonstrating an example of

Baby Alexander makes minor changes in his schemes each time his environment provides him with a new experience. This is the process of

Piaget believed that the exact timing of a stage reflects an interaction between the infant's ________ and __________.

Piaget's theory of development assumed that all children pass through a series of ____ universal stages in a fixed order from birth to adolescence. These are

What is the term for the realization that people and objects exist even when they cannot be seen?

When a child is able to pretend that he/she is driving a car, feeding a doll, or cooking dinner after he/she has witnessed such scenes, and the person the child witnessed doing the activity is no longer present, this is called

According to Piaget, _________ is at the heart of __________, which is a major advance for preschool children.

Madeline is working to teach her 4-year-old daughter, Eliza, how to count. She places 10 buttons in one row with very little space between the buttons, and 8 buttons in another row with more space between the buttons; therefore, the second row is longer than the first. Then Madeline asks her daughter which row has more buttons. Inevitably, Eliza chooses the second row, even though she knows that 10 is more than 8. What is this an example of?

3-year-old Wendy is playing hide-and-seek with some older children. However, instead of running to find a hiding place away from the other children, Wendy simply covers her eyes. In this example, Wendy is demonstrating

Concrete operational thought involves applying _____ to solve problems

According to Piaget, the stage at which people develop the ability to think abstractly is called

Thinking that acknowledges that adult predicaments must sometimes be solved in relativistic terms is called

According to developmental psychologist K. Warner Schaie, the first stage of cognitive development, encompassing all of childhood and adolescence, in which the main developmental task is to acquire information, is called

According to developmental psychologist K. Warner Schaie, the stage where the major concerns of middle-aged adults relate to their personal situations, including protecting and nourishing their spouses, families, and careers, is called the

Which developmental psychologist believed that the nature of the partnership of children, adults, and peers is determined through cultural and societal factors such as preschools, play groups, and the emphasis on certain tasks that are valued by the culture and society. Even the toys that children play with reflect the nature of the society in which the child lives?

What is Vygotsky's term for the level at which a child can almost, but not quite, understand or perform a task?

What is the term for the support for learning and problem solving that encourages independence and growth?

What is the term for the model that seeks to identify the way that individuals take in, use, and store information?

Information processing focuses on _________ changes in infants.

All of the following are considered basic aspects of information processing EXCEPT

What term refers to the process by which material in memory is located, brought to awareness, and used?

Memory is traditionally viewed in terms of three sequential components including all of the following EXCEPT

Mary looks at the phone number of her favorite pizza restaurant for a few seconds, and then walks into the other room to call to order. Mary remembers the phone number in its correct sequence. Mary is taking advantage of

Rasheed is memorizing his math times tables by using flash cards. He does this frequently enough that eventually he does not need the visual stimulation of the cards to remember his times tables for a test. Rasheed is then taking advantage of

With age, children become better at ignoring ________________ stimuli.

Infantile amnesia is defined as the lack of memory for experience that occurred prior to

The physical trace of a memory in the brain

What is the term for a memory of particular events from one's own life?

When faced with the task of remembering a list of cups, knives, forks, and plates, 10-year-old Kevin groups the items into a coherent pattern - cups and plates, forks and knives. Kevin is using a(n)

Using memory skill such as getting better organized, paying attention, using visualization strategies, and rehearsing information for later retrieval are all considered

According to encoding specificity phenomenon, people are most likely to recall information

______________ is thinking that makes use of cognitive skills and strategies to increase the likelihood of solving problems, forming inferences, and making decisions appropriately and successfully.

The systematic, meaningful arrangement of symbols, which provides the basis for communication, is called

What is the term for the smallest language unit that has meaning?

What is the name for the rules that govern the meaning of words and sentences?

If a baby is making speech-like but meaningless sounds, this is a universal phenomenon called

Baby Billy calls his favorite blanket a "blankie." When he sees other blankets in the house, however, he does not refer to them as a "blankie" because he uses that name only for his favorite blanket. This is an example of

When middle-school-age children understand the rules of language that indicate how words and phrases can be combined to form sentences, this is called understanding

By age 6, the average child has a vocabulary of around ___________ words.

What is the term for instances in which new words are associated with their meaning after only a brief encounter?

When a young child begins to learn how to take turns in conversation, stay on topic, and give appropriate responses such as "please" and "thank you," the child is demonstrating knowledge of

What is the term for an understanding of one's own use of language?

What is the term for a theory that language acquisition follows the basic laws of reinforcement and conditioning?

Which researcher developed the "nativist approach" and "universal grammar" to explain how children learn their language skills?

What is the term for a neural system of the brain hypothesized to permit understanding of language?

Which theory of language acquisition combines several schools of thought to hypothesize that language development is produced through a combination of genetic predispositions and environmental circumstances that help teach language?

The __________________ states that language shapes and may even determine the way people of a particular culture perceive the world.

What is the term for the use of more than one language?

What is the term for the capacity to understand the world, think with rationality, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges?

Who is the psychologist that used a pragmatic, trial-and-error approach to psychological measurement that continues to serve as the predominant approach to test construction today?

What is the term for the actual age of the child taking the intelligence test?

What is the term for a measure of intelligence that takes into account a student's mental and chronological age?

______ exists when a test measures consistently what it is trying to measure; ____________ exists when it actually measures what it is supposed to measure.

Some developmentalists suggest that two kinds of intelligence exist. What is the term for intelligence that reflects information processing capabilities, reasoning, and memory?

According to Robert Sternberg, who developed the _____________, intelligence consists of three components.

In Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, the contextual aspect of intelligence deals with

What type of intelligence allows some people to acquire the ability to get along well with others, understand what others are experiencing, and respond to needs of others?

Combining responses or ideas in novel ways defines

Developmental psychologist Arnold Gesell formulated what type of test?

What is the term for an overall developmental score that relates to performance in four domains: motor skills, language use, adaptive behavior, and personal-social?

Developmental psychologist Nancy Bayley developed the Bayley Scales of Infant Development to measure

Which developmental instrument looks to find how quickly an infant can retrieve a representation of a stimulus from memory? Presumably, the more efficient the infant is, the better the infant's information processing abilities.

When Jorge enrolls in a new school, a guidance counselor gives him a(n) _______________ to identify how likely he is to excel in writing, and plans to use that information to determine whether he should be placed in a special writing program.

Recent findings show that nationally in the U.S., twice as many African American students as Caucasian American students are classified as mildly mentally retarded, which is a difference that experts attribute to

Research shows that ________ declines with age, while ________ remains steady and sometimes improves.

The process by which people concentrate on particular skill areas to compensate for losses in other areas is called

What is the term for the educational setting that is most similar to that of children without special needs?

Which of the following is the term for an educational approach in which exceptional children are integrated to the extent possible into the traditional educational system and are provided with a broad range of educational alternatives?

If a person has significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior, this person is said to

If a person has an IQ score that falls in the range below 20 or 25, this is known as

psychodynamic theory

cognitive perspective

humanistic perspective

contextual perspective

biological approach (contextual)

sociocultural approach (contextual)

behavioral perspective

evolutionary perspective

correlational research

experimental research

infant reflexes

problem-focused coping

emotional-focused coping

defensive coping

sensorimotor stage

preoperational

concrete operational

formal operational

zone of proximal development

scaffolding

three stage model of memory

sensory store

short-term memory

long-term memory

encoding

storage

retrieval

learning theory approach

nativist theory

interactionalist approach

intelligence

fluid intelligence

crystallized intelligence