The smallest living units capable of carrying out their own basic life functions are called
answer
Cells
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___________ carry/carries oxygen to the cells of the body, while the synthesis of these cells is regulated by the hormones ____________
answer
Erythrocytes // erythropoietin
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Which of the following is NOT one of the major cell types found in the human body?
answer
endocrine cells
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Which of the following is NOT a primary type of tissue?
answer
skeletal
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The tissue type that generates mechanical force and movement, and whose activity is controlled both on a voluntary and involuntary level, is
answer
Muscle tissue
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What tissue type functions in the transport of specific molecules from one body compartment
to another?
answer
epithelial tissue
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What tissue type lines internal hollow organs and external surfaces of the body, providing a
barrier between the internal and external environment?
answer
epithelial tissue
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Glands are derived from what type of tissue?
answer
epithelial
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What type of tissue lines exocrine glands?
answer
epithelial
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Endocrine glands are derived from what type of tissue?
answer
epithelial
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What type of gland secretes products into ducts leading to the external environment?
answer
exocrine glands
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Which tissue type includes cells contained in an extracellular matrix composed of collagen
and elastin?
answer
connective tissue
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Which of the following descriptions INCORRECTLY describes the tissue type?
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Connective tissue is specialized for exchange between the internal and external environments.
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What is a general name for the non-cellular material that holds the widely scattered cells of
connective tissue together?
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extracellular matrix
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Which of the following is a protein found in the body that provides the tensile strength to
resist stretching?
answer
Collagen
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Which of the following is a tissue type that includes the cells found within blood and bones?
answer
Connective tissue
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What are the structures that attach bone to muscle called?
answer
Tendons
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Organs of the body are defined as ______
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a combination of two or more tissues that makes a structure which performs specific functions
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Which of the following accurately represents the order of complexity for the components of the body, from least to most complex?
answer
cells, tissues, organs, organ systems
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Which of the following organ systems is primarily involved in the process of digestion?
answer
gastrointestinal system
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Which of the following is NOT a component of the gastrointestinal system?
answer
kidneys
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Name the two organ systems that the kidneys belong to.
answer
endocrine and urinary systems
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The uptake of nutrients across the epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract and into the bloodstream is called ________.
answer
absorption
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What organ system includes the pituitary gland, adrenal gland, and thyroid gland?
answer
endocrine
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What organ system protects the body against pathogens and abnormal cells?
answer
immune
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What organ system functions in communication between cells of the body?
answer
both nervous and endocrine
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What type of tissue separates the internal from the external environment?
answer
epithelial
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The lumen of which of the following systems is part of the INTERNAL environment?
answer
cardiovascular system
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What separates the internal environment of the body from the external environment?
answer
epithelium
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Which of the following is NOT a part of the internal environment?
answer
airways to lungs
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The process whereby fluid from the bloodstream enters the tubules of the kidneys is called
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filtration
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The process whereby fluid in the kidneys is transported from the tubules back into the bloodstream is called
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reabsorption
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Referring to a membrane as "selectively permeable" describes its ability to
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restrict the movement of particular molecules across a membrane
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Extracellular fluid is composed of
answer
interstitial fluid and plasma
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Total body water is composed of
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intracellular and extracellular fluid
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Where is most of our total body water?
answer
inside cells
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Which of the following compartments contains most of the water found in the human body
answer
intracellular fluid
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What are the two extracellular fluid compartments of the body?
answer
interstitial fluid and plasma
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The portion of body water outside of cells that bathes most cells of the body is called
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interstitial fluid
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The fluid compartment with a high sodium and protein concentration is called
answer
plasma
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Which of the following best describes intracellular fluid?
answer
rich in proteins and potassium
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The fluid compartment with a high sodium concentration that contains only trace amounts of protein is called ________.
answer
interstitial fluid
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Homeostasis is a term which describes the process whereby the body
answer
maintains a constant internal environment
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Which of the following statements about homeostasis is FALSE?
answer
Intrinsic control mechanisms maintain the extracellular fluid in a constant state.
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The maintenance of a stable internal environment compatible for life is called what?
answer
homeostasis
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What is the primary mechanism for maintaining homeostasis?
answer
negative feedback
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Which of the following statements about homeostasis is FALSE?
answer
The primary mechanism to maintain homeostasis is positive feedback.
question
Changes in the external environment alter the ________, which is detected by the ________, and that information is sent to the integrator.
answer
regulated variable : sensor
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The ________ determines the extent of the error signal in a feedback loop, in order to initiate the appropriate response.
answer
integrator
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The process of maintaining the internal environment in a state compatible for life is called ________, and it occurs primarily through ________
answer
homeostasis : negative feedback
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Which of the following is an example of negative feedback?
answer
If blood pressure increases above normal, baroreceptors in major arteries detect the change and send signals to the brain. Certain areas of the brain then send signals to the nerves that control the heart and blood vessels to make the heart beat slower and the blood vessels increase in diameter, which in turn reduce the blood pressure.
question
Luteinizing hormone-mediated regulation of estrogen during ovulation in women is an example of ________.
answer
a positive feedback loop
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The positive feedback loop involving luteinizing hormone and estrogen is terminated by
answer
ovulation, which decreases estrogen secretion
question
Which of the following is a normal blood glucose level?
answer
100 mg/dL
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What is the difference between diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus?
answer
one is a deficit in insulin activity, the other a deficit in ADH activity
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What cells secrete insulin?
answer
beta cells of the pancreas
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Approximately what percentage of people living in the United States suffer from diabetes mellitus?
answer
8%
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Who would be more prone to develop diabetes mellitus type II?
answer
obese hispanic adult
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What percentage of adults in the United States is obese?
answer
30%
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Type I diabetes mellitus is also known as
answer
juvenile onset diabetes mellitus
question
Physiologists use research tools from different fields that include biochemistry and cell biology.
answer
TRUE
question
Cardiac muscle is located in the heart.
answer
TRUE
question
Connective tissue forms both endocrine and exocrine glands.
answer
FALSE
question
Exocrine glands secrete hormones.
answer
FALSE
question
The immune system protects the body from invading microorganisms.
answer
TRUE
question
Most of the cells of the body are able to directly exchange materials with the external environment.
answer
FALSE
question
The internal and external environments are separated by the selectively permeable membranes of epithelial cells.
answer
TRUE
question
The most abundant substance in the body is carbon.
answer
FALSE
question
Intracellular and extracellular fluid are of the same ion composition.
answer
FALSE
question
The homeostatic mechanisms of the body are unlimited in their ability to respond to changes in the external environment.
answer
FALSE
question
Blood glucose is a regulated variable.
answer
TRUE
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