Which of the following is most likely to be true of a person from an individualistic culture?
a. His behavior would be a reflection of his personality and attitudes.
b. He would cope by accommodating to reality.
c. He would view his life task as fitting in and
maintaining connections.
d. He would strive to develop a few close and enduring
relationships.
e. He would focus on his duty to his family.
answer
a
question
Which of the following is an example of self-efficacy? a. Manuela believes others are always watching her.
b. Abraham believes he is a good person.
c. Rasheed believes he is a competent skater.
d. Saundra believes it rained because she's been
wishing for rain for days.
e. Igor maintains his optimism despite doing poorly in
his math class.
answer
c
question
Which of the following is an example of an assessment likely to be used by a social-cognitive psychologist?
a. A student teacher is formally observed and evaluated in front of the classroom.
b. A person applying for a managerial position takes the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.
c. A defendant in a criminal case is interviewed by a court-appointed psychologist.
d. In a premarriage counseling session, a young couple responds to ambiguous inkblots.
e. A depressed young man is asked by his therapist to relax on a couch and talk about whatever comes to mind.
answer
a
question
The way we explain negative and positive events is called
a. personal control.
b. reciprocal determinism.
c. positive psychology.
d. attributional style.
e. situational assessment.
answer
d
question
Who of the following is considered the leading advocate of personality's social-cognitive approach
a. Gordon Allport
b. Carl Jung
c. Karen Horney
d. Carl Rogers
e. Albert Bandura
answer
e
question
social-cognitive perspective
answer
views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context.
question
behavioral approach
answer
in personality theory, this perspective focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development
question
reciprocal determinism
answer
the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment
question
positive psychology
answer
a psychology concerned not only with weakness and damage but also with strength and virtue
question
who was the founder of positive psychology
answer
Martin Seligman
question
individualism
answer
giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications
question
collectivism
answer
giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly
question
self
answer
organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions is the center of personality
question
spotlight effect
answer
overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us)
question
self-esteem
answer
feeling of self worth
question
self-efficacy
answer
one's sense of competence on a task and effectiveness
question
self-serving bias
answer
our readiness to perceive ourselves favorably
question
narcissism
answer
excessive self-love and self-absorption
question
defensive self-esteem
answer
fragile; focuses on sustaining itself, which makes failures and criticism feel threatening
question
secure self-esteem
answer
less fragile, less contingent on external evaluations, and more likely to achieve a greater quality of life
question
case study
answer
in-depth study of one individual
question
case study perspectives
answer
psychoanalytic, humanistic
question
survey
answer
systematic questioning of a random sample of the population
question
survey perspectives
answer
trait, social-cognitive, positive psychology
question
projective tests (TAT & Rorschach)
answer
ambiguous stimuli to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics
question
projective tests (TAT & Rorschach) perspectives
answer
psychodynamic
question
personally inventories (MMPI)
answer
objectively scored groups of questions designed to identify personality disposition
question
personally inventories (MMPI) perspective
answer
trait
question
observation
answer
studying how individuals react in different situations
question
observation perspective
answer
social-cognitive
question
experimentation
answer
Manipulate variables, with random assignment to conditions
question
experimentation perspective
answer
social-cognitive
question
psychoanalytic(Freud)
answer
defense mechanisms fend off anxiety(assumption)
question
psychodynamic(adler, horney, jung)
answer
the dynamic interplay of conscious and unconscious motives and conflicts shape our personality(view)
question
humanistic(rogers, maslow)
answer
in a climate of unconditional positive regard, we can develop self-awareness and a more realistic and positive self-concept(view)
question
trait
answer
we have certain stable and enduring characteristics, influenced by genetic predispositions(assumption)
question
social-cognitive
answer
our traits and the social context interact to produce our behaviors
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