Micro Exam 3 --> Set 2

63. The outcome of the Gram stain is based on differences in the cell's A. ribosomes. B. inclusions. C. cell wall. D. cell membrane. E. flagella.

64. Which structure protects bacteria from being phagocytized? A. slime layer B. fimbriae C. cell membrane D. capsule E. All of the choices are correct

65. If bacteria living in salty seawater were displaced to a freshwater environment, the cell structure that would prevent the cells from rupturing is A. endospore. B. cell wall. C. cell membrane. D. capsule. E. slime layer.

66. A procaryotic cell wall that has primarily peptidoglycan with small amounts of teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid is A. gram negative. B. gram positive. C. archaea. D. spheroplast. E. acid fast.

67. A bacterial genus that has waxy mycolic acid in the cell walls is A. Mycobacterium. B. Mycoplasma. C. Streptococcus. D. Corynebacterium. E. Salmonella.

68. All of the following pertain to endotoxins except they A. are specific bacterial cell wall lipids. B. can stimulate fever in the human body. C. can cause shock in the human body. D. are involved in typhoid fever and some meningitis cases. E. are found in acid fast bacterial cell walls.

69. The difference in cell wall structure of Mycobacterium and Nocardia compared to the typical gram positive bacterial cell wall structure is A. more peptidoglycan. B. predominance of unique, waxy, lipids. C. easily decolorized. D. presence of lipopolysaccharide. E. All of the choices are correct

70. Lipopolysaccharide is an important cell wall component of A. gram negative bacteria. B. gram positive bacteria. C. acid fast bacteria. D. mycoplasmas. E. protoplasts

71. The function of bacterial endospores is A. convert gaseous nitrogen to a usable form for plants. B. reproduction and growth. C. protection of genetic material during harsh conditions. D. storage of excess cell materials. E. sites for photosynthesis.

72. Chemical analysis of a bacterial cell structure detects calcium dipicolinic acid. What is the identity of this structure? A. cell wall B. capsule C. slime layer D. nucleoid E. endospore

73. Endospores are A. metabolically inactive. B. resistant to heat and chemical destruction. C. resistant to destruction by radiation. D. living structures. E. All of the choices are correct.

74. Bacterial endospores are not produced by A. Staphylococcus. B. Sporosarcina. C. Bacillus. D. Clostridium. E. All of the choices are correct. .

75. Which term is not used to describe bacterial cell shapes? A. coccus B. tetrad C. vibrio D. rod E. spirochete

76. Serological analysis for bacterial identification typically involves using A. specific antibodies to the bacterial cell antigens. B. methods to identify cell enzymes. C. analysis of the appearance of colonies. D. a microscope to determine cell morphology. E. determination of G + C base concentration.

77. When a rod shaped bacteria is short and plump, it is called a A. spirochete. B. pleomorphic. C. vibrio. D. coccobacillus. E. spirillum.

78.. Sarcinae refers to A. cocci in pairs. B. a cuboidal packet of cells. C. groups of endopsores. D. coffee-bean shaped rods in pairs. E. vibrios in threes

79. What is the correct sequence for a Gram stain? A. Gram's iodine, crystal violet, alcohol, safranin B. crystal violet, safranin, alcohol, Gram's iodine C. crystal violet, Gram's iodine, alcohol, safranin D. safranin, crystal violet, Gram's iodine, alcohol E. alcohol, crystal violet, safranin, Gram's iodine

80.. Bacteria with small bunches of flagella emerging from the same site are said to be A. lophotrichous. B. peritrichous. C. monotrichous. D. amphitrichous. E. spirilla.

81 Lysozyme, an enzyme found in tears, provides a natural defense against bacteria by A. hydrolyzing peptidoglycan in cell walls. B. inhibiting protein synthesis. C. removing flagella. D. dissolving the cell membrane. E. removing the capsule from outside the cell.

82. In the Gram stain, the mordant is A. crystal violet. B. safranin. C. alcohol. D. water. E. iodine

83. Which cell structure is an important agent in modern genetic engineering techniques? A. ribosomes B. capsules C. plasmids D. inclusions E. mesosomes

84. The breakdown of peptidoglycan to N-acetylmuramic acid, N-acetylglucosamine and peptides is an example of A. anabolism. B. catabolism. C. phosphorylation. D. fermentation. E. biosynthesis

85. Enzymes are A. broken down in reactions that require energy input. B. proteins that function as catalysts. C. electron carrier molecules. D. not needed for catabolic reactions. E. All of the choices are correct.

86. Important components of coenzymes are A. vitamins. B. metallic ions. C. active sites. D. substrates. E. ribozymes

87. Enzymes that can function at boiling water temperatures or other harsh conditions would be termed A. denatured. B. ribozymes. C. abzymes. D. exoenzymes. E. extremozymes.

88. When enzyme action stops due to a buildup of end product this control is called A. negative feedback. B. competitive inhibition. C. enzyme induction. D. enzyme repression. E. None of the choices are correct.

89. In bacterial cells, the electron transport system is located in the 89. In bacterial cells, the electron transport system is located in the A. cell membrane. B. mitochondria. C. chloroplasts. D. ribosomes. E. cytoplasm.

90. Mixed acid fermentation A. produces butyric acid. B. occurs in all bacteria. C. produces acids plus CO2 and H2 gases. D. is seen in Streptococcus and Lactobacillus. E. also produces ethanol.

91. Anaerobic cellular respiration A. is also called fermentation. B. only involves glycolysis. C. does not generate ATP. D. utilizes an electron transport system. E. uses the same final electron acceptors as aerobic respiration.

92. The process of alcoholic fermentation produces A. alcohol only. B. alcohol and oxygen. C. alcohol and carbon dioxide. D. carbon dioxide and yeast. E. yeast and oxygen.

93. In eucaryotes, glycolysis takes place A. in the mitochondria. B. in the endoplasmic reticulum. C. in the cell membrane. D. in the nucleus. E. in the cytoplasm.

94. Microorganisms require large quantities of this nutrient for use in cell structure and metabolism: A. element B. macronutrient C. water D. growth factor E. trace element

95. Microorganisms require small quantities of this nutrient for enzyme function and maintenance of protein structure: A. element B. macronutrient C. water D. growth factor E. trace element

96. An organic nutrient that cannot be synthesized by the organism and must be provided is called a/an A. element. B. macronutrient. C. water. D. growth factor. E. trace element.

97. An important mineral ion of the cytochrome pigments of cellular respiration is A. iron. B. zinc. C. calcium. D. magnesium. E. potassium.

98. An important mineral ion that is a component of chloroplasts and stabilizer of membranes and ribosomes is A. iron. B. zinc. C. calcium. D. magnesium. E. potassium.

99. The term phototroph refers to an organism that A. uses CO2 for its carbon source. B. must obtain organic compounds for its carbon needs. C. gets energy from sunlight. D. gets energy by oxidizing chemical compounds. E. does not need a carbon source.

100. The term heterotroph refers to an organism that A. uses CO2 for its carbon source. B. must obtain organic compounds for its carbon needs. C. gets energy from sunlight. D. gets energy by oxidizing chemical compounds. E. does not need a carbon source.

101. The term chemotroph refers to an organism that A. uses CO2 for its carbon source. B. must obtain organic compounds for its carbon needs. C. gets energy from sunlight. D. gets energy by oxidizing chemical compounds. E. does not need a carbon source.

102. The type of photosynthesis that does not produce oxygen A. occurs in cyanobacteria. B. does not require CO2 as a reactant. C. occurs in certain bacteria. D. does not require sunlight. E. occurs in algae and plants.

103. Which of the following require the cell to use ATP? A. facilitated diffusion B. diffusion C. endocytosis D. osmosis E. None of the choices are correct.

104. Cultures of a bacterial species were incubated on the shelf of a refrigerator, out on a lab benchtop, on the shelf of a 37 C incubator and on the shelf of a 50 C incubator. After incubation, there was no growth at 37 C and 50 C, slight growth out on the benchtop, and abundant growth at refrigeration. What term could be used for this species? A. halophile B. mesophile C. anaerobe D. psychrophile E. capnophile

105. Cultures of a bacterial species were incubated out on the incubator shelf, in an anaerobic jar and in a candle jar. After incubation there was moderate growth of cultures in the candle and anaerobic jars, but heavy growth of the culture on the incubator shelf. This species is a/an A. aerobe. B. anaerobe. C. facultative anaerobe. D. microaerophile. E. capnophile.

106. A microorganism that has an optimum growth temperature of 37 C, but can survive short exposure to high temperatures is called a/an A. extremophile. B. thermophile. C. psychrophile. D. facultative psychrophile. E. thermoduric.

107. An organism that grows slowly in the cold but has an optimum growth temperature of 32 C is called a/an A. extremophile. B. thermophile. C. psychrophile. D. facultative psychrophile. E. thermoduric.

108. An organism with a temperature growth range of 45 C to 60 C would be called a/an A. extremophile. B. thermophile. C. psychrophile. D. facultative psychrophile. E. thermoduric

109. A microorganism that does not have catalase or superoxide dismutase would find it difficult to live in an environment with A. carbon dioxide. B. oxygen. C. high salt. D. temperatures above 37 C. E. high acidity.

110. A microaerophile A. grows best in an anaerobic jar. B. grows with or without oxygen. C. needs normal atmospheric levels of oxygen. D. requires a small amount of oxygen but won't grow at normal atmospheric levels. E. None of the choices are correct

111. A halophile would grow best in A. acid pools. B. fresh water ponds. C. hot geyser springs. D. arid, desert soil. E. salt lakes.

112. The E. coli that normally live in the human large intestines and produce vitamin K that the body uses would be best termed a _____ relationship. A. parasitic B. saprobic C. commensal D. mutualistic E. None of the choices are correct

113. The time interval from parent cell to two new daughter cells is called the A. binary fission. B. growth curve. C. generation time. D. death phase. E. culture time

114. The phase of the bacterial growth curve in which the rate of multiplication equals the rate of cell death is the A. lag phase. B. log phase. C. stationary phase. D. death phase. E. All of the choices are correct

115. In the viable plate count method, a measured sample of a culture is evenly spread across an agar surface and incubated. Each _____ represents one _____ from the sample. A. cell, cell B. cell, colony C. colony, cell D. species, colony E. generation, cell

116. The majority of organisms live or grow in habitats between A. pH 6 and 8. B. pH 3 and 4. C. pH 5 and 6. D. pH 7 and 9. E. pH 8 and 10.

117. An organism that grows best at a higher CO2 tension than is normally present in the atmosphere is a A. facultative anaerobe. B. aerobe. C. anaerobe. D. aerotolerant anaerobe. E. capnophile.

118. Barophiles are microorganisms able to tolerate A. a pH of 1 to 2. B. high solute concentration. C. high atmospheric pressure. D. high osmotic pressure. E. intense ultraviolet light.

119. Plant roots provide various growth factors for soil bacteria, and the bacteria help fertilize the plant by supplying it with minerals. This is an example of A. antagonism. B. commensalism. C. parasitism. D. synergism. E. mutalism

120. The stage in a normal growth curve when cells reach the maximum rate of cell division is the A. lag phase. B. log phase. C. stationary phase. D. death phase. E. fast phase.

121. Which of the following methods of enumerating cells is the only one to detect live cells? A. direct microscopic count B. viable plate count C. turbidity D. coulter counter E. flow cytometer

122. You inoculate a culture into a test tube containing broth and take it out of the incubator the next day. You see the culture is growing equally throughout the broth. You conclude the culture must be A. aerobic. B. anaerobic. C. facultative anaerobe. D. microaerophilic. E. aerotolerant.