Microbiology Exam 4.1

24 July 2022
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Keritinase has the greatest effect on the a. respiratory system. b. gastrointestinal system. c. urinary system. d. genital system. e. skin.
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e
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Which of the following is not a method of adhesion? a. fimbriae b. surface proteins c. specialized receptors d. adhesive slime or capsules e. cilia
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e
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The minimum amount of microbes in the inoculating dose is the a. virulence factor. b.indigenous biota. c. infectious dose. d. endotoxin. e. minimal dose.
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c
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Once a microbe has entered a host, what process performed by certain white blood cells will attempt to destroy the microbes? a. phagocytosis b. adhesion c. encapsulation d. margination e. exocytosis
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a
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Exotoxins are a. proteins. b. only released after a cell is damaged or lysed. c. antiphagocytic factors. d. secretions that always target nervous tissue. e. lipopolysaccharide.
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a
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The suffix -emia means a. blood. b. a disease or morbid process. c. an inflammation. d. tumor. e. pertaining to.
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a
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An infectious agent that originates from outside the body is called a. exogenous. b. an exotoxin. c. an enterotoxin. d. endogenous. e. axenic
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a
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A _____ is an infection indigenous to animals that can, on occasion, be transmitted to humans. a. secondary infection b. sequelae c. nosocomial infection d. zoonosis e. None of the choices is correct.
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d
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Which of the following is not an anti-phagocytic factor? a. secretion of slime b. production of leukocidins c. adhering to the host d. secretion of a capsule e. ability to survive intracellularly
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c
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Virulence factors include all the following except a. capsules. b. ribosomes. c. exoenzymes. d. endotoxins. e. exotoxins.
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b
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Leukopenia is the _____ in the level of white blood cells in a patient. a. elevation b. stabilization c. decrease
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c
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Pathogenic microbes that cause disease in healthy people are called a. opportunistic pathogens. b. normal biota. c. indigenous biota. d. true pathogens. e. micropathogens.
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d
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Nosocomial infections involve all the following except a. are only transmitted by medical personnel. b. often involve the patient's urinary tract and surgical incisions. c. the patient's resident biota can be the infectious agent. d. Escherichia coli and staphylococci are common infectious agents. e. medical and surgical asepsis help lower their occurrence.
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a
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The effect of "good" microbes against invading microbes is called a. microbial antagonism. b. endogenous infection. c. infectious disease. d. axenic. e. gnotobiotism.
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a
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Which of the following is the endotoxin? a. hemolysin b. hyaluronidase c. toxinosis d. collagenase e. lipopolysaccharide
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e
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The principal government agency responsible for tracking infectious diseases in the United States is the a. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. b. World Health Organization. c. National Institutes of Health. d. United States Department of Agriculture. e. Infection Control Committee.
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a
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Reservoirs include a. humans. b. animals. c. soil. d. water. e. All of the choices are correct.
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e
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When would Koch's postulates be utilized? a. determination of the cause of a patient's illness in a hospital microbiology lab b. development of a new antibiotic in a pharmaceutical lab c. determination of the cause of a new disease in a microbiology research lab d. formulation of a vaccine against a new pathogen in a genetic engineering lab e. whenever the scientific method cannot be used to investigate a microbiological problem
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c
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The objective, measurable evidence of disease evaluated by an observer is termed a(n) a. syndrome. b. symptom. c. sign. d. pathology. e. inflammation.
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c
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The total number of deaths in a population due to a disease is the _____ rate. a. morbidity b. mortality c. incidence d. endemic e. pandemic
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b
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Someone who inconspicuously harbors a pathogen and spreads it to others is a a. fomite. b. carrier. c. vector. d. reservoir. e. source.
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b
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What is one goal of the Human Microbiota Project? a. to sequence the DNA of all microorganisms b. to study the prevalence of disease c. to study microorganisms in their natural habitat d. to provide comprehensive characterization of microbiota relating to human health and disease e. to discover new organisms in extreme habitats
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d
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______ carriers are shedding and transmitting pathogens a long time after they have recovered from an infectious disease. a. Asymptomatic b. Passive c. Incubation d. Chronic e. Convalescent
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e
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Enterotoxins are a. virulence factors. b. toxins that target the intestines. c. proteins. d. exotoxins. e. All of the choices are correct.
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b
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Which is not terminology used for resident biota? a. pathogenic biota b. normal biota c. indigenous biota d. normal microbiota e. commensals
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a
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The dried residues of fine droplets from mucus or saliva that harbor and transmit pathogens are a. fomites. b. aerosols. c. mechanical vectors. d. droplet nuclei. e. biological vectors.
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d
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Each of the following bring about inoculation of normal biota to a newborn except a. the birth process through the birth canal. b. bottle feeding. c. breast feeding. d. contact with hospital staff. e. All of the choices are correct.
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e
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The initial, brief period of early, general symptoms such as fatigue and muscle aches is the a. prodromal stage. b. convalescent stage. c. incubation period. d. period of invasion. e. None of the choices is correct.
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a
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Which of the following is not a normal portal of exit for an infectious disease? a. removal of blood b. urogenital tract and feces c. coughing and sneezing d. skin e. All of these are normal exit portals.
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e
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Diseases that cause long-term or permanent damage are called a. latent. b. sequelae. c. direct. d. indirect. e. chronical.
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b
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Which is mismatched? a. fimbriae - adherence to substrate b. capsules - antiphagocytic factor c. coagulase - dissolve fibrin clots d. leukocidins - damage white blood cells e. hemolysins - damage red blood cells
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c
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Animals that participate in the life cycles of pathogens and transmit pathogens from host to host are a. fomites. b. aerosols. c. mechanical vectors. d. droplet nuclei. e. biological vectors.
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e
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The number of persons afflicted with an infectious disease is the _____ rate. a. morbidity b. mortality c. incidence d. endemic e. pandemic
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a
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_____ are toxins that are the lipopolysaccharide of the outer membrane of gram-negative cell walls. a. Exotoxins b. Endotoxins c. Enterotoxins d. Leukocidins e. Hemolysins
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b
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The time from when pathogen first enters the body and begins to multiply, until symptoms first appear is the a. prodromal stage. b. convalescent stage. c. incubation period. d. period of invasion. e. cNone of the choices is correct.
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c
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Which of the following is not a universal precaution used for handling patients and body substances? a. mask and gloves b. proper disposal of needles c. health care worker with active lesions handling patients d. hand washing e. sterilizing or disinfecting dental hand pieces
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c
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Resident biota are found in/on the a. skin. b. mouth. c. nasal passages. d. large intestine. e. All of the choices are correct.
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e
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All of the following genera are considered resident biota of skin sites except a. Escherichia. b. Staphylococcus. c. Corynebacterium. d. Micrococcus. e. Candida.
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a
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Exotoxins a. are secreted by pathogenic organisms. b. are bound to the membrane of pathogenic organisms. c. are bound to the cell wall of pathogenic organisms. d. cause more damage than endotoxins. e. are host specific.
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a
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An infectious agent already existing on or in the body is called a. exogenous. b. an exotoxin. c. an enterotoxin. d. endogenous. e. axenic.
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d
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Hyaluronidase is a virulence factor in a. amoebic dysentery. b. ringworm. c. clostridia. d. cold virus. e. diphtheria.
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c
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The number of new cases of a disease in a population over a specific period of time compared with the healthy population is the a. mortality rate. b. morbidity rate. c. incidence rate. d. prevalence rate. e. epidemic rate.
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c
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_____ are various bacterial enzymes that dissolve fibrin clots. a. Coagulases b. Mucinases c. Keratinases d. Kinases e. Hyaluronidases
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d
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A symptom is a. an objective indication of disease. b. a subjective indication of diesease. c. measurable by health care personnel. d. temperature. e. None of the choices is correct.
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b
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Local edema, swollen lymph nodes, fever, soreness, and abscesses are indications of a. toxemia. b. inflammation. c. sequelae. d. a syndrome. e. latency.
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b
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A _____ is the presence of small numbers of bacteria in the blood. a. bacteremia b. septicemia c. viremia d. None of the choices is correct.
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a
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The primary, natural habitat of a pathogen where it continues to exist is called the a. fomite. b. carrier. c. vector. d. reservoir. e. source.
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d
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The study of the frequency and distribution of a disease in a defined population is a. pathology. b. clinical microbiology. c. medicine. d. immunology. e. epidemiology.
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e
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The term infection refers to a. microorganisms colonizing the body. b. contact with microorganisms. c. contact with pathogens. d. pathogens penetrating host defenses. e. None of the choices is correct.
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d
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Which of the following is not a factor that weakens host defenses against infections? a. genetic defects in immunity b. physical and mental stress c. strong, healthy body d. chemotherapy e. old age
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c
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Endogenous infectious agents arise from microbes that are a. in food. b. the patient's own normal biota. c. on fomites. d. in the air. e. transmitted from one person to another.
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b
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All infectious diseases a. are contagious. b. only occur in humans. c. are caused by microorganisms or their products. d. are caused by vectors. e. involve viruses as the pathogen.
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c
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Infections that go unnoticed because there are no symptoms are called a. syndromes. b. malaises. c. inflammation. d. asymptomatic. e. secondary infections.
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d
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Which of the following is an example of sequelae? a. headache from meningitis b. difficulty swallowing from a Streptococcus infection c. arthritis from Lyme disease d. diarrhea from Salmonella enteritidis infection e. All of the choices are correct.
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c
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Infection occurs when a. contaminants are present on the skin. b. a person swallows microbes in/on food. c. a person inhales microbes in the air. d. pathogens enter and multiply in body tissues. e. All of the choices are correct.
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d
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The human body typically begins to be colonized by its normal biota a. before birth, in utero. b. during and immediately after birth. c. when a child first goes to school. d. when an infant gets its first infectious disease. e. during puberty.
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b
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TORCH is an acronym that represents the most common a. genera of resident biota. b. sexually transmitted diseases. c. portals of entry. d. vectors. e. infections of the fetus and neonate.
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e
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Mucinase has the greatest effect on the a. respiratory system. b. gastrointestinal system. c. urinary system. d. genital system. e. skin.
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b
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A laboratory technologist splashed a blood specimen onto his face, eyes, nose, and mouth while performing a test in the lab. This specimen was from an HIV-positive patient. If this blood exposure leads to HIV infection in the technologist, the transmission route is a. direct. b. fomite. c. vehicle. d. droplet nuclei. e. aerosol.
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c
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Normal biota includes each of the following except a. bacteria. b. fungi. c. protozoans. d. viruses. e. All of the choices are correct.
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e
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Opportunistic pathogens a. cause disease in every individual. b. cause disease in compromised individuals. c. are always pathogens. d. have well-developed virulence factors. e. None of the choices is correct.
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b
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An inanimate object that harbors and transmits a pathogen is a a. fomite. b. carrier. c. vector. d. reservoir. e. source.
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a
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A sign is a. an objective indication of disease. b. a subjective indication of disease. c. measurable by health care personnel. d. temperature. e. Both objective indication of disease and measurable by health care personnel are correct.
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e
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The stage of an infectious disease when specific signs and symptoms are seen and the pathogen is at peak activity is the a. prodromal stage. b. convalescent stage. c. incubation period. d. period of invasion. e. None of the choices is correct.
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d
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Which is mismatched? a. secondary infection - infection spreads to several tissue sites b. mixed infection - several agents established at infection site c. acute infection - rapid onset of severe, short-lived symptoms d. local infection - pathogen remains at or near entry site e. toxemia - pathogen's toxins carried by the blood to target tissues
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a
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The greatest number of pathogens enter the body through the a. respiratory system. b. gastrointestinal system. c. urinary system. d. genital system. e. skin.
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a
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Which of the following is transmission of disease from mother to fetus? a. vertical b. direct c. vector d. droplets e. fomites
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a
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A disease that has a steady frequency over time in a particular geographic location is a. epidemic. b. endemic. c. pandemic. d. sporadic. e. chronic.
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b
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Microbial hyaluronidase, coagulase, and streptokinase are examples of a. adhesive factors. b. exotoxins. c. hemolysins. d. antiphagocytic factors. e. exoenzymes.
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e
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An endotoxin is
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indicative of gram-negative organisms.
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The intermediary object or individual from which the infectious agent is actually acquired is termed the
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source