Jim Crow and Civil Rights

some accounts say it was an old Black slave who walked with difficulty Others say it was a ragged Black stable boy. Whether modeled on an old man or a young boy we will never know

A musician named Thomas Dartmouth "Daddy" Rice 1828 appeared on stage as "Jim Crow" an exaggerated, Highly stereotypical Black character.

African Americans were relegated to the status of second class citizens. Excluded Blacks from public transport and facilities, juries, jobs, and neighborhoods. Many Christian ministers taught that Whites were the Chosen people, Blacks were cursed to be servants, and God supported racial segregation. Newspaper and magazine writers routinely referred to Blacks as nigge*, coons, and darkies; and worse, their articles reinforced anti-Black stereotypes.

The Jim Crow Laws were state and local laws enacted in the Southern and border state of the U.S. and enforced between 1876 and 1965. They mandated "separate but equal" status for African Americans accommodations that were almost always inferior to those provided to white Americans. Although it was required that the facilities provided were equal they were not. The Jim Crow period or the Jim Crow era refers to the time during which these laws occurred. The most important laws required that public schools, public places and public transportation, like trains and buses, have separate facilities for whites and blacks.

The Jim Crow laws were to put voting restrictions on certain people, mainly focused on blacks and minorities. Three Different Laws under Jim Crow Poll tax - All people had to pay a certain fee to vote. This prevented blacks and minorities from voting because most of them didn't have enough money to spend on voting. Literacy Test - People had to read in order to vote. Blacks and minorities were affected by this as well because most of them weren't able to go to school to get the education of reading. Grandfather Clause - The grandfather of the voter had to own land. This law was the most effective because most blacks and minorities' grandfathers were either slaves or lived in a different country.

A Black male could not offer his hand (to shake hands) with a White male because it implied being socially equal. a Black male could not offer his hand or any other part of his body to a White woman, because he risked being accused of rape. Blacks and Whites were not supposed to eat together. If they did eat together, Whites were to be served first, and some sort of partition was to be placed between them. Under no circumstance was a Black male to offer to light the cigarette of a White female -- that gesture implied intimacy.

Blacks were not allowed to show public affection toward one another in public, especially kissing, because it offended Whites. Whites did not use courtesy titles of respect when referring to Blacks, for example, Mr., Mrs., Miss., Sir, or Ma'am. Instead, Blacks were called by their first names. Blacks had to use courtesy titles when referring to Whites, and were not allowed to call them by their first names. If a Black person rode in a car driven by a White person, the Black person sat in the back seat, or the back of a truck. White motorists had the right-of-way at all intersections.

The passage of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the Constitution had granted Blacks the same legal protections as Whites.

Government set out to give some civil rights to the freed slaves at this point Homer Plessy was an octroon (1/8th black) that could pass for white. In 1892 he boarded the railroad train that was designed for whites. He planned an act of disobedience by sitting in the white only train car. He refused to move so he was arrested. Ferguson was a judge that denied Plessy's argument, so the case went to the Supreme Court. The charge was that the govt. separated the races, but the quality of the segregation was not equal, but the supreme court ruled that they were equal and not in direct conflict with the 14th amendment. The case rejected Plessy's argument 7 to 1, which in the eyes of the judges upheld the separate but equal laws.

Movement organizations emerged Two most important organizations -Mississippi Progressive Voters' League -the Regional Council of Negro Leadership

Established in 1947 promoted itself as a cooperative enterprise that was non-partisan and non-threatening to Whites. Its purpose was civic education and participation through motivation and literacy by potentially qualified Black voters.

Founded in 1951 Supported and actively championed Black voter education, registration, and voting. The council campaigned to end police brutality against Blacks. Targeted White business owners for economic boycotts without directly challenging the segregationist doctrine of "separate but equal." Organization clearly advocated full citizenship rights for Black Mississippians.

Topeka middle schools had been integrated since 1941. Board of Education of Topeka began to end segregation in the Topeka elementary schools in August of 1953 All the Topeka elementary schools were changed to neighborhood attendance centers in January of 1956

Court Level: started at the local level. Lost and eventually got NAACP involved and took it to the Supreme Court Level (More national exposure) Place: Topeka, Kansas Plaintiffs: 13 parents of 20 children of color

Date: 1954 Place: Topeka, KS A case that was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court which explicitly outlawed racial segregation of public school facilities

A parent of a third grader (Linda) Wanted a school that was closer to his daughter's integrated neighborhood. Her school was 21 blocks or 1.6 miles away from her home The neighborhood school was 7 blocks from her home

Class action law suit. educational facilities were inherently unequal, ruled a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment 1951 class action lawsuit was filed against the Board of Education The case was a consolidation of five different cases, from four states, that dealt with the same issue the case discussed the hardships of all children concerned. It also focused a lot of attention on the psychological well-being of the children in reference to the segregation of schools.

Brown was chosen because he had a complete family opposed to a single parent family and he would be better received by the Supreme Court The district court ruled in favor of the board of education

1954 the supreme court decided that the separate but equal rule was in violation and was not at all equal as well as unconstitutional This was in direct conflict with the 14th amendment of the constitution.

The Brown decision overturned the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson ruling that approved "separate but equal" segregation of the races, ruling that "separate educational facilities are essentially unequal." It was a victory for NAACP attorney Thurgood Marshall, who later returned to the Supreme Court as the nation's first black justice.

END OF JIM CROW NOW CIVIL RIGHTS

A civil right is an enforceable right or privilege If interfered with by another gives rise to an action. Discrimination occurs when the civil rights of an individual are denied or interfered with because of their membership in a particular group or class.

-Freedom of Speech -Freedom of Press -Freedom of Assembly -Right to vote -Freedom from involuntary servitude (slavery) -Right to equality in public places (Schools, -restaurants, public transportation)

A pioneer of the African-American civil rights movement. She was the first person to resist bus segregation in Montgomery, Alabama, preceding the better known Rosa Parks incident by nine months. The court case from Rosa Parks refusal to give up her seat on the bus was decided by the U.S. District Court and it ended bus segregation in Alabama. Montgomery's black leaders did not publicize Colvin's pioneering effort for long because she was a teenager and became pregnant while unmarried. The NAACP leaders worried about using her to represent their movement, given the social norms of the time.

In 1955, a 14-year-old Emmett Till was brutally murdered by white men while visiting relatives in Mississippi. His murder and the trial of his accused killers became a lightning rod for moral outrage. The case was not just about the murder of a teenage boy. It was also about a new generation of young people committing their lives to social change.

The Emmett Till case was a spark for a new generation to commit their lives to social change. They said, "We're not gonna die like this. Instead, we're gonna live and transform the South so people won't have to die like this."

The Montgomery Bus Boycott followed around the same time as the case. Rosa Parks is quoted as saying, "I thought about Emmett Till, and I could not go back. My legs and feet were not hurting, that is a stereotype. I paid the same fare as others, and I felt violated." Black men and black teenage boys, had been brutally lynched by white men before the murder of Emmett Till.

Before Roy Bryant and J. W. Milam were acquitted for this crime, other white men had also gone unpunished for the murders they committed (and even confessed to committing outside of the courtroom).

A group of 9 African American students enrolled in an all white high school (Little Rock Central High School) Consisted of 6 girls and 3 boys They were initially denied by the governor of Arkansas (Orval Faubus) President Eisenhower stepped in and they were escorted in. They all graduated from Little Rock Central High School In 1999, President Bill Clinton presented the nation's highest civilian award, the Congressional Gold Medal, to the members of the Little Rock Nine.

What is Affirmation Action? Steps that are taken to eliminate discrimination, whether in employment, education, or contracting in public organizations. Attempt to level out the effects of past discrimination.

The motive for affirmative action is the principle of equal opportunity, which holds that all persons have the right to equal access to self-development. Affirmative action policies discourage discrimination against qualified minority candidates, and mandate inclusion. In other words, persons with equal abilities should have equal opportunities.

Executive order signed equal treatment for all in the armed services not based on race, color, religion, or national origin

the Mattachine society, 1st gay rights organization, Harry Hay was the person who made it

supreme court ruling Brown vs. BOE

Emmett Till killed and murdered of charge, later the people who killed him bragged about committing the murder in "Look" magazine interview.

Rosa Parks bus protest and arrest

Daughter of Bilitis (DOB) 1st lesbian organization

SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference) became a major force in organizing the civil rights movement

Little Rock Nine

Greensboro sit-in (Greensboro, N.C) 4 black students begin a sit in. they were refused service , after several trys they were allowed to stay

Freedom Riders,student volunteers took bus trips through the south to test out new laws that prohibited segregation, there were 1,00 volunteers, black and white

MLK letters from Birmingham jail. while MLK is in jail he writes letters saying individuals have the moral duty to disobey unjust laws

Medgar Evers, Mississippi's NAACP field secretary is murdered outside his house

MLK's I Have A Dream Speech

Bombing 16th street Baptist Church, 4 young black girls (Denise McNair, Cynthia Wesley, Carole Robertson, and Addie Mae Collins) who were attending Sunday school were killed when a bomb explodes

-Denise McNair -Cynthia Wesley -Carole Robertson -Addie Mae Collins

JFK assassination, assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald

Civil rights act of 1964,signed by president Johnson, he said no discrimination on a person's gender, race, or religion

3 civil rights workers were making sure people were following the rules, 2 of them were black (Chaney=Black, Goodman=White, and Schwerner=White)

Title VII act bars discrimination in employment on the basis of race and gender. At the same time it establishes the equal employment opportunity commission (EEOC) to investigate complaints and impose penalties

Malcom X (muslim), black nationalist and funder of the organization of African American Unity, was shot to death

Montgomery march for voting rights. Blacks begin a march to Montgomery in support of voting rights, but are stopped by a police bockade. 5o marchers were hospitalized after police use tear gas, whips, and clubs. this incident is also known as "Bloody Sunday"

the march (Bloody Sunday) is considered the head for pushing through the voting rights act 5 months later

executive order put in place to bar discrimination against women

MLK Jr. assassinated, he was shot at age 39, shot by an escaped convict, and committed racist, James Earl Ray is convicted of the crime

Civil Rights act of 1968 signed by President Johnson prohibiting discrimination in the scale, rental, and rinancing of houses

Gave financial assistance to women athleats that was equal to mens financial assistance. Collage had to split the amount of scholarships between me and women equaly (for every 1 given to a man, a woman gets 1)

"the don't ask don't tell" policy is instituted for the U.S millitary, permitting gays to serve in the millitary by banning homosexual activity