Human Growth & Development (4)

Preschool-age children's view of themselves reflects the way their culture views self. For example, many Asian societies tend to have __________.

Play assists preschoolers in __________.

According to Piaget, in which stage, between ages two and seven, does children's use of symbolic thinking grow, mental reasoning emerge, and use of concepts increase?

A group of 7- to 10-year-old children are playing organized Little League baseball. They have learned the formal rules of the game, and they play according to their shared knowledge; however, the rules are seen as unchangeable. Piaget would say that this is an example of __________.

According to Piaget, when a child turns 10 years old, he/she is fully aware that formal game rules can be modified if the people playing agree. This is called __________.

All of the following may be a factor in how much a preschooler weighs and how tall he/she is EXCEPT __________.

Three-year-old Randy occasionally talks to himself in front of others and ignores his mother's instructions to come to the table and eat with his family. In this example, Randy is demonstrating __________.

Parents in China, Japan, and the United States all see the benefits of preschools in a different way. What do Japanese parents view as the most important benefit of preschool?

Bandura's research indicates that when children watch adults modeling aggressive behavior with the Bobo doll, they are likely to __________.

Which of the following most likely contributes to the high level of accidents in the preschool age group?

What two parts of the limbic system in the brain can be permanently altered as a result of childhood abuse?

Isabelle lives in a household in which her parents are gone most of the time. Even when they are home, Isabelle goes to school with dirty clothes and no breakfast. What type of parents does Isabelle likely have?

In order to develop a(n) __________, a child must develop a __________.

What is the term for play in which children genuinely interact with one another, taking turns, playing games, or devising contests?

On Christmas morning, three-year-old Billy opens one of his gifts from his mother and finds a new sweater. Disappointed that it is not a toy, Billy frowns and throws the sweater aside in front of his mother with no regard for her feelings. Billy is demonstrating __________.

In 1999, what percentage of 4-year-old toddlers were not yet toilet trained?

What is the term for parents who are controlling, punitive, rigid, cold, and whose word is law?

Research indicates that when girls are exposed to unusually high levels of __________ prenatally, they are more likely to display "typical male" behaviors.

As an infant, Sarah had typical childhood illnesses and no significant earaches. However, now Sarah is 4 years old and she is experiencing frequent earaches. What is the most likely reason for this?

What is considered the greatest risk to the health and well-being of a preschool-age child?

What is the term for parents who provide lax and inconsistent feedback and require little of their children?

The left hemisphere of the brain becomes more specialized during the preschool years in all of the following areas EXCEPT __________.

According to Piaget, __________ is at the heart of __________, which is a major advance for preschool children.

In which stage is a child's general level of activity extraordinarily high?

A group of 7- to 10-year-old children are playing organized Little League baseball. They have learned the formal rules of the game, and they play according to their shared knowledge; however, the rules are seen as unchangeable. Piaget would say that this is an example of __________

What percentage of preschoolers between the ages of 4 and 6 has used a computer?

Four-year-old Johnny is having lunch with his mother and sister. When his mother pours milk in the children's glasses, she finds there is not enough to fill both glasses, so she carefully pours half of the milk in the shorter, fatter glass in front of Johnny and half into a thin, taller glass in front of Johnny's sister. Immediately, Johnny complains that his sister got more milk than he did, and even when his mother tries to explain that they both got the same amount, Johnny insists he is right. In this example, Johnny is demonstrating a lack of development in the area of __________.

Five-year-old Wendel is new to his kindergarten classroom. His teacher uses open, friendly questions to build rapport with him. His teacher asks him what he is good at and what he likes. Wendel responds, "I can run fast" and "I like to eat pizza." Wendel's responses are examples of his __________.

Despite the fact that results are primarily correlational, overwhelming research evidence suggests that observation of televised aggression leads to __________.

What is a sex-related biological characteristic that affects gender-based behaviors?

When do associative and cooperative play tend to become most common among children?

Five-year-old Randy is in preschool, and his teacher is showing him how to use a pair of children's scissors to cut paper. Randy tries to show his independence and ability to use the scissors without assistance and says to his teacher, "Let me." Erikson would say that Randy is demonstrating what stage of development?

According to Piaget, what is the key aspect of preoperational thought?

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be an indication that a child has been abused?

By age 2, the average youngster in the U.S. weighs around __________ pounds and is close to __________ tall.

What is Piaget's term for the earliest stage of moral thinking, in which rules are seen as invariant and unchangeable?

______________ focuses on the reliability of children's autobiographical memories and considers children's abilities to recall events in their lives when they are witnesses or victims.

Approximately how many hours per week does the average preschool child watch TV?

Preschoolers' thoughts tend to focus on all of the following EXCEPT __________.

Parents in China, Japan, and the United States all see the benefits of preschools in a different way. What do Chinese parents view as the primary benefit of preschool?

By the time a child is 6 years old, he/she weighs, on average, about __________ pounds and stands approximately __________ inches tall.

What is the term for instances in which new words are associated with their meaning after only a brief encounter?

At approximately what age can a child follow the principles of grammar most of the time?

The average preschool child has __________ colds and other respiratory illnesses in each of the years from age 3 to 5.

It is particularly important to provide foods high in __________ to preschool children to help prevent fatigue-causing anemia.

All of the following are considered signs that a toddler is ready to begin toilet training EXCEPT being able to __________.

What was Piaget's explanation as to why preschool-age children in the preoperational stage make errors on tasks requiring conservation?

Research suggests that the age at which toilet training takes place has risen over the years. In 1957, what percentage of children had been toilet trained by 18 months of age?

Amy's mother has bought her brand new jeans to wear. However, five-year-old Amy refuses, insisting that girls wear only dresses. This may be an example of __________.

Two boys, ages three and four, are playing with cars, and both boys want the bigger red car. As one boy reaches for the red car, the other strikes him, knocking it out of his hand and taking the red car for himself. This is an example of __________ aggression.

What is the term for a memory of particular events from one's own life?

All of the following are gross motor skills that a five-year-old preschooler possesses EXCEPT __________

While spanking may produce a child's immediate compliance, the long-term side effects may include all of the following EXCEPT __________.

A three-year-old's understanding of "belief" can be illustrated by __________.

What is the term for the ability to overcome circumstances that place a child at high risk for psychological or physical change?

Preschoolers' peer relationships tend to be based mostly on __________.

According to Vygotsky, if one child receives assistance, he/she may improve substantially more than another child who does not receive help. The assistance or structuring provided by others is termed __________.

If a 4½-year-old child is asked to draw a person who is first standing upright and then has fallen down, the child is likely to draw the figure in the vertical position, and then the figure lying in the horizontal position with no other pictures in between to demonstrate the person falling. This child would be demonstrating a lack of __________.

Piaget believed that the __________ fit entirely in a single stage of cognitive development called the __________ stage.

Which developmental psychologist believed that cognitive development is a result of social interactions in which children learn through guided participation and working with mentors to solve problems?

Research indicates that preschoolers spend approximately __________ reading on the average day.

What is the term for play in which children manipulate objects to produce or build something?

Which of the following is NOT considered a permanent result of lead poisoning in children?

From the late twos and into the mid-threes, the number of ways children combine words and phrases to form sentences __________ each month

When a preschool-age child is developing a gender schema, he/she is __________.

According to the Centers for Disease Control, approximately how many children are at risk of developing lead poisoning due to exposure to potentially toxic levels of lead?

Preschoolers' memories are often organized in a broad representation of events in the order in which they occurred, called __________.

Three-year-old Wendy is playing hide-and-seek with some older children. However, instead of running to find a hiding place away from the other children, Wendy simply covers her eyes. In this example, Wendy is demonstrating __________.

According to Vygotsky, what is the level at which a child cannot fully perform a task independently but can do so with the assistance of someone more competent?

What is the term for a person's set of beliefs about what he or she is like as an individual?

When young children are using speech that is spoken and directed to themselves, this is called __________.

Robbie is a four-year-old boy in the United States who is encouraged to stand out from the rest and make his needs known. Haruki is a four-year-old boy in Japan who is encouraged to blend in and refrain from making himself distinct. Robbie is growing up with a(n) __________, and Sean is growing up with __________.

What is the term for the capability to adjust emotions to a desired state and level of intensity?

Madeline is working to teach her 4-year-old daughter, Eliza, how to count. She places 10 buttons in one row with very little space between the buttons, and 8 buttons in another row with more space between the buttons; therefore, the second row is longer than the first. Then Madeline asks her daughter which row has more buttons. Eliza chooses the second row, even though she knows that 10 is more than 8. What is this an example of?

Research suggests that the age at which toilet training takes place has risen over the years. In 1999, what percentage of children had been toilet trained by 18 months of age?

Five-year-old Clarice is watching a movie and eating popcorn with her three-year-old brother. Her brother finishes his popcorn first, so she offers him some of her popcorn. Clarice's mother praises her as a "good girl" for sharing. This is an example of __________.

According to developmental research, what contributes to the decline of aggression in preschool children?

Which term refers to the changes in people's sense of justice and of what is right and wrong, and in their behavior related to moral issues?

Which of the following is the best example of functional play?