EX 4.1

used to analyze -loans -investments - business statistics

future value in an investment,

the payments required each period on a loan or an investment

the amount of a loan payment devoted to paying the loan interest

the amount of a loan payment devoted to paying off the principal of a loan

the present value of a loan or an investment based on periodic, constant payment

the number of periods required to pay off a loan or an investment

the interest rate of a loan or an investment based on periodic constant payments

used to calculate the payments required to completely repay a mortgage or other type of loan

principal, interest, and amount of time required to repat rhe loan

the amount of the loan

the amount added the the principal by the lender [ the borrower is basically buying the right to use the lender's money]

annual percentage rate

divided by the number of payments per year EX: 8% annual interest rate, payments made quarterly so the interest rate per quarter 2%

the length of the loan multiplied by the number of payments EX: 10 year loan paid monthly is 120

1) annual interest rate 2) number of payment periods per year 3) length of the loan in terms of the total number of payment periods 4) the amount being borrowed 5) when loan payments are due

1) rate - interest rate for each payment period 2) nper - the total number of payment periods required to repay the loan 3) pv - present value of the loan or the amount that needs to be borrowed OPTIONAL 4) fv - type=0 by default 5) type - when the interest is charged on the loan type = 0 means at the end of the payment period type = 1 means at the beginning of the period

you should include the loan terms in worksheet cells that are referenced in the function

must enter rate per period, NOT the annual interest rate

compares values from different categories. Values are indicated by the height of the columns or the length of a bar 1) 2d 3d column 2) 2d 3d bar

displays data that is organized into a hierarchy of categories where the size of the groups is based on a number 1) treemap 2) sunburst

displays financial cash flow values or stock market data 1) waterfall 2) stock

Compares values from different categories. Values are indicated by the height of the lines. often used to show trends and changes over time 1) 2d 3d line 2) 2d 3d area

displays a chart summarizing the distribution of values from a sample population 1) histogram 2) paretp 3) Box and Whisker

compares relative of different categories to the whole. values are indicated by the areas of the pie slices 1) 2d 3d pie 2) doughnut

shows the patterns or relationship between two or more sets of values. Often used in scientific studies and statistical analyses 1) scatter 2) bubble

compares three sets of values in a three dimensional chart 1) surface 2) radar

combines two or more chart types to make the data easy to visualize, especially when the data is widely varied 1) clustered column - line 2) clustered column - line on Secondary Axis 3) Stacked area - clustered column

creates a chart summarizing date from a PivotTable

59 types of charts 10 categories

a single value from a data series

excel treats those totals as another categories

one or more data series and a series of category values

contains the actual values that are plotted not the chart -placed in subsequent columns or rows

labels for each data series and used to group those series - usually located in the first row or column

excel assumes that the category values and data series are laid out in columns

it is assumed to have category values and data series laid out in rows

charts category shows a list of chart types that are often appropriate for the selected data source

charts group on the insert tab

it is embedded in the worksheet that contains the data source

you can display the chart alongside the data source and any text that describes the charts meaning and purpose

selection box around the chart and sizing handles that appear along the edges of the selection

chart elements, chart styles button, chart filter

the other elements resize to fit in the unoccupied space a live preview shows that

Add chart element button in the chart layout group on the chart tools designs

chart styles gallery in the chart styles group on the chart tools designs tab

submenu in chart elements button 2) you can open a format pane which has more options for formatting the selected chart element

1) center on pie slices 2) outside the slices 3) set them as data callouts with each label placed in a text bubble and connected to its bubble with a callout line

the formatting buttons on the home tab or on the chart tools format tab

the chart styles buttons, clicking the color header and then selecting a color schemes

moves one slice away from the others as if someone were taking the piece away from the pie

1) first click the pie to select all of the slices, 2) then click the single slice you want to move 3) drag the slice away from the pie

select each slice in turn and drag them away

select the entire slice and drag the pointer away from the pies ceter

chart area

1) fill colors 2) border styles 3) special effects

using the chart elements box in the current selection group on the chart tools format tab

is to filter the data source which limits the data to fewer values

column chart turned on its side

when the number of categories is large or the data values are close in value

displays the data series in separate columns side by side so that you can compare the relative heights of the columns in three series

places the data series values within combined columns showing how much is contributed by each series

makes the same comparison as the stacked column chart except that the stacked sections are expressed as percentages

to see the chart types recommended for the selected data source

1) chart tools design tab, location group, move chart button

is used for the chart title

hold down the shift key