ESC1000

25 July 2022
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65 test answers

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question
Which of the following features is NOT formed by precipitation of calcite from water?
answer
sinkhole
question
Which of these four numbered features on the surface or in a cave is a stalactite
answer
4
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What rock type is the most common setting for caves formed by dissolution of a rock?
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gray limestone
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Which sequence of events is required to form a limestone cave where you can walk around and observe cave formations, such as stalactites?
answer
limestone is below the water table, then lowering of the water table, then water dripping from the ceiling
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Which of these four numbered features on the surface or in a cave are formed by the precipitation of calcium carbonate, due to the evaporation of water?
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3&4
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Which of the following generally is true about caves formed by dissolution?
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groundwater removed material from limestone
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What is the most common way in which sinkholes form?
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the roof of a cave collapses
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Which of the following features is composed of calcium carbonate?
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All of these choices are correct.
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The largest area of karst in the United States is included in
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Florida.
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Which of the following features is formed by the collapse of caves?
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sinkhole
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In which setting is karst topography most likely to feature steep pillars, knobs, and oddly shaped rocks?
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tropical
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Which of the following is a feature that commonly forms where limestone has been dissolved?
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all
question
Aside from limestone, which other kinds of rock types produce karst terrain?
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evaporite rocks such as salt and gypsum
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Which of these four numbered features on the surface or in a cave is a stalagmite?
answer
3
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Which of these four numbered features on the surface or in a cave can be formed by the dissolution or collapse of limestone?
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1,2
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Which of the following is the best indication that limestone caves could be present at depth?
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limestone pillars and sinkholes
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The image shows a coastline that
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has undergone a rise in relative sea level.
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Which of the following most likely indicates that sea level has fallen relative to the land?
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all
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Which of the following does NOT affect the potential hazards of a shoreline?
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All of these affect potential hazards of shorelines.
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What was a key point demonstrated by photographs in the textbook from before and after hurricanes?
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Waves and storm surge caused erosion of beaches and destruction of houses.
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During a hurricane or other strong coastal storm, material on barrier islands can be moved from the seaward side to the side away from the sea in the process called
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overwash
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Which of the following is NOT an approach communities have tried to address shoreline problems?
answer
lowering the local sea level
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What is probably the least expensive approach for avoiding shoreline hazards?
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forbid the building of houses or other structures in high-risk areas
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Which of the following most likely indicates that sea level has risen relative to the land?
answer
an irregular coastline with branching estuaries and embayments
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Which of the following would cause sea level to rise?
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all
question
What is a primary reason an increase in glaciers on land would cause sea level to fall?
answer
glaciers tie up large volumes of water that would otherwise be in the sea
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The diagram below represents a model that the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) uses to categorize the extent of storm surge in the coastal zone. The red arrow in this figure points to
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The maximum height of a swash zone
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An increase in the rate of seafloor spreading along this ridge would cause
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all
question
What geologic event is probably indicated by this irregular coast, with estuaries?
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a rise in sea level
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How does the rate of seafloor spreading affect sea level?
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Faster spreading produces broader ridges that displace water out of the oceans.
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What is the main way that position of the continents can influence global sea level?
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Continents at high latitudes provide a setting in which large ice sheets can form.
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Which sequence of rocks in the associated figures could result in a confined aquifer? (Low = low permeability and High = high permeability)
answer
B High Low High
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What happens to the sediments that are in and below the dewatered zone of an aquifer?
answer
The sediments become compacted.
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Which of the sites on this cross section would be the most likely place for a spring?
answer
c
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Sediments in and below a dewatered area of an aquifer become compacted because,
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water pressure drops and the pore spaces are closed.
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How did this cone of depression in the groundwater form?
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Groundwater is pumped from the well faster than it can flow to replenish what is lost.
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Approximately how fast does groundwater move beneath the surface of the Earth?
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a few meters per day
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Which of the following combinations make for the best groundwater reservoir?
answer
high permeability and high porosity
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Which of the following is true about the water table?
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The water table has a similar shape to topography but is more subdued.
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A perched lake is above the water table. If a perched lake is to remain permanent, then
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the amount of inflow of water must be equal to or greater than the amount of outflow and losses to evaporation.
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Which of the following materials probably has the highest porosity?
answer
dry, uncompacted clay particles
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Which of the following materials would best to drill into for a good supply of groundwater?
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sand and gravel
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Which of the following cannot be caused by overpumping of ground water?
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All of these are possible consequences of overpumping.
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The part of the subsurface where most of the pore spaces are filled with air is the
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unsaturated zone.
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Which of the following materials has high porosity and high permeability?
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well-sorted gravel
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Where on this cross section would groundwater most likely flow out to the surface?
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4 only
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Under what conditions is it possible for a material to have both high porosity and low permeability?
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It is possible if the void spaces are very small or are not well connected.
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Which of the following is a common setting for a spring?
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a limestone aquifer that intersects the surface
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The septic tank in this figure will probably
The septic tank in this figure will probably
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not contaminate the well
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Which of the following is NOT true about the unsaturated zone?
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Pore spaces in the unsaturated zone contain air with no water.
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Which of the following can be caused by overpumping of groundwater?
answer
all
question
Which of the following is a common setting for a spring?
answer
all
question
What is the main way groundwater accumulates?
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Precipitation and surface water infiltrate through the upper layers of soil.
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Each number on this figure refers to a location with groundwater in a subsurface material that is consistent in character across the entire figure. Of these locations, which would likely have the fastest groundwater flow?
answer
1
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Which of the following controls the rate of groundwater flow?
answer
all
question
What is a possible way to increase permeability?
answer
fracture the rock
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Which of the following materials has moderate to high porosity but low permeability?
answer
uncompacted clays
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Groundwater velocity (the rate of movement of ground water) is most strongly influenced by which of the following factors?
answer
the slope (gradient) of the water table
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Which of the following is a valid statement with relevance to groundwater?
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Fractures are the main way groundwater moves through some rocks, such as granite.
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What could happen if this well is overpumped?
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the bottom of the lens of fresh water will rise causing the well to draw sea water.
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What is a main way surface waters become groundwater?
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Water flows through the unsaturated zone and into the saturated zone.
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When contamination enters groundwater it typically
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moves along with the flowing groundwater down the slope of the water table.
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Which sequence best describes thunder formation?
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heating, expansion, air filling the vacuum
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A tornado blows walls from homes. The likely EF categorization of the tornado producing this damage is
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EF3
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Which stage in thunderstorm formation is characterized by updrafts accompanied by downdrafts induced by falling precipitation?
answer
Mature