Ch 8- Race and Ethnicity in Sports

Sports are described in this chapter as "sites" where

Race is used in the chapter to refer to a population of people who are believed to be

Ethnic population is used in the chapter to refer to a category of people regarded as socially distinct because they

A minority as used in the chapter refers to a socially identified population that

Using the definitions in the chapter, Native People in the US would be

The idea of race was first developed by

Racial ideology is a web of ideas and beliefs that is used to

When European peoples were exploring and colonizing the globe, they developed racial classification systems and ideologies allowing them to conclude that

The racial ideology that became widely accepted in the US during the 19th and 20th centuries supported white Americans as they sought to

Racial ideology became important to support Jim Crow Laws. These laws

Dominant racial ideology in the US during most of the 20th century was based on the belief that whiteness was a pure and innately special racial category. This belief

Recent research in biology and genetics has led to the conclusion that

An accurate view of race today is that it is

The classification systems that are popularly used to divide all human beings into specific and distinct racial categories are based on

The classification systems usually used to distinguish races are based on

When people use continuous traits as a basis for identifying races,

Racial ideology in the US is based on the one drop rule. The original purpose of this rule was to

Tiger Woods, the popular and successful professional golfer, identifies himself as

A major problem with racial ideology today is that it

Racism is defined as attitudes, actions, and policies based on the belief that people in one racial category are

When Joe Louis won the heavyweight boxing championship in 1935, many white sports journalists used the racial ideology of that era to attribute his victory to

When dominant racial ideology has been used to explain the success of athletes with white skin, there has usually been an emphasis on the importance of

When "whiteness" is used as the taken-for-granted standard against which everything else is viewed, the success of black athletes is

In the box, "Jumping Genes" in Black Bodies, it is noted that much of the research devoted to identifying performance differences by skin color is based on the idea that

The statement that "white men can't jump" is not defined as a racial slur by most whites, because

The author hypothesizes that dominant racial ideology influences athletic performance among black men in many societies because it encourages those men to

The most effective way for people to defuse the influence of racial ideology is to

Research suggests that racial ideology would most interfere with the establishment of academic identities among

In the discussion of how racial ideology influences choices to play sports it is noted that ideology influences

Black male athletes have become valuable entertainment commodities in sports emphasizing power and domination partly because

Black female athletes sometimes earn to tone down their confidence and toughness so they

When black women were in ads for the WNBA, the marketing people were so sensitive to issues of race that they presented the women in roles where they

Data on sport participation patterns among African Americans indicates that they

Teams such as the Indianapolis Clowns and the Harlem Globetrotters were able to make a living in the mid-20th century by playing sports in ways that

Racial ideology influences social context to the point that black female athletes engage in a presentation of self that

When Caroline Wozniacki mimicked a caricature of Serena Williams during an international tennis tournament, she

Data shows that sport participation rates in the US are highest in

Because most sport organizations are white-dominated, white-identified and white- centered, the success of ethnic minorities requires

Sport participation among Native Americans is limited due to poverty, poor health, a lack of equipment and facilities and the fear that playing mainstream sports will

In the box, Identity Theft? Using Native American Names and Images in Sports, it is noted that team

The NCAA, allowed Florida State University to keep their mascot Chief Osceola and his horse Seminole, because the university

When Native Americans and other ethnic minorities have strong ethnic identities, one of the strategies they use when they play mainstream sports is to

The sport participation patterns of Latinos and Latinas in North America are

When Doug Foley studied intergroup relations in a Texas town he noted that the Mexicano coach of the local high school football team resigned in frustration when

Research shows that the Latinas who are apt to play sports in the US are

Research indicates that second and third generation Latinas in the US

Research on Major League Baseball indicates that Latino players

Major League Baseball teams have signed many Central and Latin Americans to contracts because these players

The sport participation patterns of undocumented workers from Latin America are

Research indicates that sports are related to ethnicity in 3 ways. Which of the following is NOT one of those ways? Sports can be used to

The author points out that the sport participation of Asian Pacific Americans

Research done by sociologist Christina Chin showed that Japanese parents in her study formed and supported a youth basketball league for their children in the hope that it would

Research by Italian sociologist Mauro Valeri indicates that racism in Italian soccer

The author notes that the racial and ethnic relations challenges faced by sports in the future will

After reviewing issues related to the dynamics of racial and ethnic relations in sports the author concludes that

Racial segregation and exclusion are most likely to be eliminated in sports when

Efforts to challenge discrimination in sports have been motivated strongly by

The elimination of racial exclusion tends to be slowest in sports that involve

Racial and ethnic exclusion occurs today at the community level, where it is

When racial and ethnic exclusion are eliminated from sports, we can expect that

The most difficult diversity issue faced in sports today is

The prospects for positive changes in racial and ethnic relations depend on

The author recommends that sport programs should involve athletic directors, coaches, trainers, and athletes in