UF CPO 2001 Midterm Exam

ability to influence others or impose ones will on them "extend will"

struggle in any group for power, that will give any person (or group of people) the authority to make decisions for the larger group "competition for public power"

study and compare domestic politics across countries look at politics inside country (elections, political parties, revolutions)

o a way to compare cases and draw conclusions

Controlling large number of variables Controlling for the interaction of variables(multicausality) Limited number of cases to research Limited access to information from cases Uneven research across cases and regions Cases selected on the basis of effect and not cause (selection bias) Variables may be either cause of effect (endogeneity)

In: Starting with evidence and finding hypothesis/generalization De: Start with hypothesis then test it against data

Yes Qualitative: look closely at limited amount of cases Quantitative: look at many cases; statistical data

Rationalist: - looks at economics of human behavior; humans are rational, self-preserving, and utility maximizing - do what's best for you Culturalist - looks at identity/culture; humans not always rational; understand why they behave - use qualitative methods (involve coding) Structuralist - Middle ground - humans are rationale but ideals/institutions matter - not as definite as rationalist and not as fluent as culturalist

organization maintains a monopoly of force over a given territory set of political institutions that creates and execute policy regarding freedom and equality

Territory Monopoly use of violence Sovereignty Legitimacy Institutionalized (army, police, courts)

rules and norms of politics regarding individual freedom and equality, locus of power, and use of power - some institutionalization -democratic or authoritarian

the leader in charge of running a state - weak institutionalized (depend of regime) - limited by existing regime

Traditional: how society always operates; custom/practice; based on history Rational-Legal: based on rules and procedures; not biased; ideal bureaucracy Charismatic: "wild card"; based on leaders personality; thought to work miracles

the ability of the state to wield out power to carry out basic tasks - ex: defending territory, collecting taxes, managing economy

the ability of the state to wield power independent of the public - enough power to make decisions without opposition

Centralization is found in federal states Federalism: significant powers devolved to the local level by constitution o not easily taken away o brings a voice to people at the local level Power over things like *** taxes, education, security Some federal states *** US, Germany, Russia, Canada, Mexico

Decentralization is found in Unitary states Unitary: most powers reside with the central government: possibly more efficient. - easy to reach decision - no one to need to consult before implementation. - lower transaction costs ○ power resides with central government ○ can devolve powers to local level, but also take them away if it chooses examples of unitary states ** Britain, Japan, France, Sweden

set of specific attributes and societal institutions that makes one group of people culturally different from others based on: language, religion, origin, traditions, shared history

an ethnic group forms nation, represent citizens of country

pride in ones belief that they can have a separate, sovereign political destiny seek to create or preserve one's own nation (political group) through an independent state

Ethnic: struggle between groups to achieve economic/political goals at other groups' expense (superiority) National: struggle between groups for political independence (sovereignty)

views regarding the necessary pace and scope of political change - distinct from political ideologies - pay attention to the context FOUR TYPES: 1. radicals: seek revolutionary change, violently if necessary 2. liberals: seek evolutionary change 3. conservatives: seek little or no change of system 4. reactionaries: seek to restore previous order, violently if necessary ○ remember that context matters ■ a radical in China versus a radical in the USA ■ a conservative in Poland past 1990?

set of political values regarding the fundamental goals of politics - not specific to one country (universal) - different from political attitudes FIVE TYPES: Liberalism Communism Social Democracy Fascism Anarchism

- believes in individual political and economic freedom - requires a weak state with low autonomy(controlled by people) - higher inequality between wealthy and poor - different from liberal "political attitude" - practice liberal democracy ***political system that promotes participation, competition and liberty, and emphasizes individual freedom and civil rights

low individual political freedom belief that struggle over resources breeds inequality high equality as the goal requires strong state with high autonomy

economic system where freedom and equality are balanced done through states management of economy and social endeavors

there is low individual political freedom and inequality based on superiority of some over many there's high autonomy and capacity to direct nation and vanquish enemies

○ high focus on individual freedom ○ emphasis on equality ○ belief that states are the problem, not the solution ○ seek stateless society to ensure both freedom and equality

"Fundamentalism can be viewed as an ideology that seeks to unite religion with the state or, rather, to make faith the sovereign authority." - could apply to any religion. - religious fundamentalism does not equal extreme religiosity or deeply conservative beliefs.

The basic norms for political activity in a society One factor that helps determine what ideologies will dominate a country's political regime Unique to a given country or group Distinct from political attitudes and ideologies

Traditional: emphasize religion, family values, deference to authority and national pride Secular-rational: less emphasis on the same values

Societal: emphasize issues as heterogeneity Economic: emphasize poverty and the struggle for natural or other resources Political: emphasize state capacity, autonomy, and the type of regime

Strength - gives us a way to think about ethnic conflict - presence of natural resources Weaknesses - boarders drawn by colonial powers that don't conform to major ethnic divisions - weak states are overthrown and that ethnic group benefits disproportionately; take over military - authoritarian systems that prevents participation and conciliation

the interaction between the force of supply and demand requires state to enforce contracts, sanction activity, and regulate supply and demand where necessary

the ownership of the goods and services exchanged through markets regulated by the state; not secure without it

goods provided by the state that no one person can have ownership of states secure these entities and sometimes rely on them to fund state budgets; can result in unstable economy

state provision of public benefits (healthcare, education) state watches over

used to pay for public goods and services enforced by states

legitimacy backed by the state states use this as a means to secure and stimulate economic transactions tied to inflation and unemployment

Inflation: - increase in price in the economy when demand surpass supply - states cause inflation is government have to borrow money Deflation: - too many goods wanting too little money - unemployment, less spending

rules or an order that set boundaries of a given procedure done by the state and moral/technical issues can affect their approach

states bringing in foreign goods to create competition or increase access to goods - tariffs(tax); quota(amount that can be brought into country) - states generate revenue

achieved when states enforce interest rates and regulations/trades

high priority on individual freedom and less on equality weak state, strong capital markets foster democracy best state is a weak one (limited regulations, fewer public goods, lower taxes, free trade, laissez faire - allow economy to function as it wishes) greater tolerance for inequality and poverty

emphasis on collective equality over individual freedom property, markets viewed as instruments of exploitation - ex: Cuba, North Korea - no private property - nationalized - no 'free' markets , controlled by state - no unemployment - trade restricted (minimized) ● wide range of public goods ●extremely high autonomy but often lacks capacity

- balance between individual freedom and collective equality - accepts private property & markets but seeks to regulate some - more equality and public goods - trade and competition under state management - ownership of some industries by state - most European countries (Germany)

predates modern ideologies state views market as tool of international power - ex: japan, south korea, india, and other developing nations private property along with national ownership state directs production small welfare state tariffs and other trade barriers neither individual freedom or collective equality emphasized - rather, state power relative to other states more authoritarian than democratic

Measured in GDP( total production in a country despite who owns it) does not take into account costs of living in different countries · Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) looks at GDP in terms of buying power low-cost countries: GDP is increased high-cost countries GDP is lowered

Gini Index Measures relative wealth and inequality within the state (perfect equality =0) o What percent of the population owns what percent of the country's total wealth? o Higher inequality in poorer than richer countries and liberal countries than social democratic ones

Emphasis on poverty/development Outcome of wealth (life expectancy, health) strong correlation with GDP

Relative (happy by means of comparing to others) vs absolute happiness (basic needs met) "Easterlin paradox" happiness stagnates when standards of living rise

previous studies link between ethnic violence and the end of the cold war assumption that changes in international system created space for civil unrest and a rise in ethnic conflict conflict has been growing over time with no clear impact of the end of the cold war conflicts last longer and over time (more active conflicts) diversity does not necessarily mean tension/grievances (which don't lead to conflict) INSURGENCY leads to intra state conflict - does not require substantial or deeply entrenched grievances -nor does it require large numbers who support the movement combating insurgency requires an effective state - minimizing diversity is not effective ○economic development and generally high levels of wealth facilitate effective states ○governments with effective administrative capacity and the ability to reach throughout the territory deter insurgency movements

- Emergence of the "middle classes"; ● Shift from national identity based on religion to cultural identity - created through expansion of literacy and the production of literature - lack of involvement of the "peasant" classes ● The importance of expanding educational systems and increased literacy rates - universities as centers of nationalist sentiment (identity) - shift to a shared common "national language" - impact of language on communication and organization and shared group identity rise of modern nationalist movements embedded in Western Europe - comparatively little in Eastern Europe