Chapter 8 PSYCH 1B

Which type of validity is typically not relevant to association claims?

In which of the following cases might a small effect still be important?

If a there is not a full range of scores on one of the variables, this is known as ________.

Which of the following is NOT a question you should ask about the statistical validity of an association claim?

Which of the following tells you that an association claim is being made?

Statistical significance depends on which of the following?

When examining an association claim using a bar graph, an association is indicated by which of the following?

When is an outlier most likely to be problematic?

All of the following are true of outliers EXCEPT:

When examining an association in which one variable is categorical and one is quantitative, which of the following is NOT likely to be used?

Which of the following is true of moderators?

What is the relationship between moderators and external validity?

Which of the following is NOT a way that a researcher might indicate a statistically significant result in a journal article?

Professor Schwartz does a study that examines the relationship between time spent at a shopping mall and happiness. She finds that for women, the more time in the mall is associated with higher levels of happiness. She finds that for men, the more time in the mall is associated with lower levels of happiness. What is the moderator in this relationship?

Dr. Stevens wants to examine the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and depression. He selects a sample of American athletes who are currently training for the summer Olympic Games as his research subjects. Dr. Stevens finds no relationship between BMI and depression. What is one problem with his research design that could have kept him from finding a relationship between those variables?

Nesta is making a scatterplot of the digit spans (how many numbers you can remember and repeat back) for his psychology class, with the spans for digits the students hear on one axis and the span for digits the students read on the other. The association is strong, but he notices that one student has a visual digit span that is twice as long as anyone else. What statistical validity question is he raising?

Professor Fofana wonders if there is an association between students' grades and whether they complete extra credit in his classes. He makes a scatterplot, with the number of extra credit points earned on the x-axis and the numerical grade in his course without extra credit on the y-axis. He finds that r = 0.28 and that p0.001. What does this mean?

To look at the relationship between reaction time and level of expertise in tennis, experts and non-experts are compared. Which of the following would be the most appropriate, easiest way to evaluate the relationship between these variables?

Mischel (1972) studied delay of gratification in preschoolers: Children were offered a special reward if they could wait or a less attractive treat if they chose not to wait. A follow-up study was done years later, looking at the same children as adolescents. The researchers found an association between the waiting times of the preschoolers and parents' reports of the same children's behaviors as adolescents. The parents' ratings of likelihood of yielding to temptation correlated with the preschool waiting time measurement at r = -0.50. How would this effect size be described according to Cohen's benchmarks?

Mischel (1972) studied delay of gratification in preschoolers: Children were offered a special reward if they could wait or a less attractive treat if they chose not to wait. A follow-up study was done years later, looking at the same children as adolescents. The researchers found an association between the waiting times of the preschoolers and parents' reports of the same children's behaviors as adolescents. Overall, a positive relation between waiting time as a preschooler and self-control in adolescence emerged. Can a causal relationship be inferred?

RESEARCH STUDY 8.1 Dr. Oswald conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in the Memphis, Tennessee, area in the southern United States. Below are her findings. < Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57 ( p = .01) < Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. < Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 ( p = .04) Refer to Research Study 8.1 to answer the following sixteen questions. Dr. Oswald finds that the relationship between the number of friends one has and life satisfaction is stronger for men than for women. Why might Dr. Oswald have looked for this difference?

RESEARCH STUDY 8.1 Dr. Oswald conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in the Memphis, Tennessee, area in the southern United States. Below are her findings. < Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57 ( p = .01) < Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. < Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 ( p = .04) Refer to Research Study 8.1 to answer the following sixteen questions. In evaluating Dr. Oswald's study, you question the construct validity of the study. Which of the following questions would you be asking?

RESEARCH STUDY 8.1 Dr. Oswald conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in the Memphis, Tennessee, area in the southern United States. Below are her findings. < Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57 ( p = .01) < Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. < Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 ( p = .04) Refer to Research Study 8.1 to answer the following sixteen questions. Dr. Oswald submits her study for publication in a scientific journal. If one of the peer reviewers is concerned about the external validity of her study, which of the following is the most important aspect of Dr. Oswald's study to consider?

RESEARCH STUDY 8.1 Dr. Oswald conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in the Memphis, Tennessee, area in the southern United States. Below are her findings. < Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57 ( p = .01) < Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. < Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 ( p = .04) Refer to Research Study 8.1 to answer the following sixteen questions. Dr. Oswald has decided to examine one of her relationships with a scatterplot to double-check for a curvilinear relationship. Which relationship will be most important for her to examine?

RESEARCH STUDY 8.1 Dr. Oswald conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in the Memphis, Tennessee, area in the southern United States. Below are her findings. < Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57 ( p = .01) < Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. < Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 ( p = .04) Refer to Research Study 8.1 to answer the following sixteen questions. Matt, Dr. Oswald's research assistant, is discussing the findings of the study with some other students. He claims that the experience of more daily stress causes people to have lower life satisfaction. Which of the following causal criteria did Matt meet?

RESEARCH STUDY 8.1 Dr. Oswald conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in the Memphis, Tennessee, area in the southern United States. Below are her findings. < Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57 ( p = .01) < Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. < Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 ( p = .04) Refer to Research Study 8.1 to answer the following sixteen questions. In determining whether the relationship between two of her variables was statistically significant, which of the following must be considered?

RESEARCH STUDY 8.1 Dr. Oswald conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in the Memphis, Tennessee, area in the southern United States. Below are her findings. < Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57 ( p = .01) < Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. < Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 ( p = .04) Refer to Research Study 8.1 to answer the following sixteen questions. Considering Dr. Oswald's study, her results could most safely be generalized to which of the groups below?

RESEARCH STUDY 8.1 Dr. Oswald conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in the Memphis, Tennessee, area in the southern United States. Below are her findings. < Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57 ( p = .01) < Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. < Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 ( p = .04) Refer to Research Study 8.1 to answer the following sixteen questions. Dr. Oswald realizes that the women in her study have more friends than the men in her study. This might result in which of the following?

RESEARCH STUDY 8.1 Dr. Oswald conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in the Memphis, Tennessee, area in the southern United States. Below are her findings. < Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57 ( p = .01) < Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. < Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 ( p = .04) Refer to Research Study 8.1 to answer the following sixteen questions. The "not sig." in Dr. Oswald's findings indicates all of the following EXCEPT:

RESEARCH STUDY 8.1 Dr. Oswald conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in the Memphis, Tennessee, area in the southern United States. Below are her findings. < Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57 ( p = .01) < Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. < Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 ( p = .04) Refer to Research Study 8.1 to answer the following sixteen questions. Which of the following conclusions can Dr. Oswald draw about the number of friends one has and life satisfaction, based on her statistical analyses?

RESEARCH STUDY 8.1 Dr. Oswald conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in the Memphis, Tennessee, area in the southern United States. Below are her findings. < Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57 ( p = .01) < Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. < Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 ( p = .04) Refer to Research Study 8.1 to answer the following sixteen questions. Dr. Oswald finds that the relationship between the number of friends one has and life satisfaction is stronger for men than for women. In this study, sex (male or female) is considered a/an:

RESEARCH STUDY 8.1 Dr. Oswald conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in the Memphis, Tennessee, area in the southern United States. Below are her findings. < Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57 ( p = .01) < Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. < Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 ( p = .04) Refer to Research Study 8.1 to answer the following sixteen questions. Dr. Oswald creates a scatterplot of the relationship between the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. In doing so, she realizes there are three scores that seem to be very extreme and are nowhere near the other points on the scatterplot. Specifically, it appears that three people report very high levels of daily stress and very low levels of life satisfaction. Which of the following statements is NOT true?