Chapter 4 Quiz example #8693

Vivian is less than a day old. Which of the following emotions is already apparent? A) social smile B) pain C) embarrassed crying D) fear of strangers

Which behavior develops around 6 weeks of age? A) anger B) laughter C) fear of unexpected sounds D) the social smile

Lin is a 3-month-old infant. Which of the following is he likely to have just recently begun displaying? A) social smile B) laughter C) sadness D) fear

An infant's distress at seeing an unfamiliar person is called _____. A) stranger wariness B) extrafamilial fear C) fear of the unknown D) separation anxiety

The coordinated interaction between caregiver and infant is called _____. A) psychosocialization B) synchrony C) symbiosis D) interplay

Synchrony depends on _____. A) attention span B) stable mood C) responsiveness and timing D) breast-feeding

*Andrew and Laura want to enhance their synchrony with their 6-month-old son. They can best do this by _____. A) imitating his vocal and facial expressions B) watching him imitate their mouth movements and smiles C) listening to his vocalizations D) including him in their conversations

*Lawrence is playing with his infant daughter Rosalie. He responds to Rosalie's facial expressions by mimicking and exaggerating the same expressions. All of a sudden, Lawrence stops showing any emotion. How is Rosalie likely to respond? A) Rosalie will probably frown, fuss, drool, or look away from her father. B) Rosalie will be glad for the break and will probably fall asleep. C) Rosalie will exaggerate her father's facial expression. D) Rosalie will smile and coo even more to try to get her father to respond.

Based on research, attachment appears to be _____. A) based on cognitive theory B) achieved only by adults C) universal D) only in Western cultures

A toddler with secure attachment _____. A) is willing to explore B) is self-centered C) clings to his mother D) wants to talk a lot

In the Strange Situation, a sign of secure attachment is _____. A) smiling at his mother when she returns to the room B) crying and not being comforted when his mother comes back C) ignoring his mother when she returns to the room D) being reluctant to leave his mother to play with new toys

*Abed is 12 months old, and his uncle Nadin is visiting for the first time in 6 months. Nadin is delighted to see his nephew, so as he enters the room, he booms, "There's my little man!" Abed looks to his mother, who is smiling broadly at her brother, and crawls to him to be picked up. Abed is demonstrating _____. A) attachment disorder B) social referencing C) social phobia D) insecure attachment

Geoffrey enjoys spending time with his 1-year-old son. Compared with his wife, Geoffrey's interaction with their son is likely to be _____. A) more actively playful B) less noisy and boisterous C) more involved with basic care D) less active and energetic

*One clear difference between father-infant and mother-infant interactions is that _____. A) fathers foster insecure attachment B) babies find their mothers more fun C) babies laugh and smile more with their fathers D) fathers do not affect their babies' cognitive development

*When Laurel gave birth, her mother moved in with the young family to help care for the newborn. This sort of caregiving by someone other than the baby's parents is called _____. A) proximal parenting B) allocare C) kinship D) distal parenting

Sigmund Freud was a _____. A) social learning theorist B) behaviorist C) psychoanalytic theorist D) cognitive theorist

How do people become "fixated" in a Freudian stage? A) They experience excessive emotions. B) Their normal developmental urges are frustrated. C) Their mother is not their primary caregiver. D) They fail to undergo a normal cognitive metamorphosis.

*Shaunquelle is an adult who requires regularity in all aspects of her life. She eats the same lunch every day, organizes her clothes by season in her closet, and becomes distressed when the juice is put on the wrong shelf in the refrigerator. Shaunquelle appears to be fixated at the _____ stage. A) sensorimotor B) oral C) anal D) phallic

In Erikson's theory, the infant's earliest task is described as that of _____. A) obtaining oral gratification B) controlling bodily functions C) learning pain and pleasure D) learning trust or mistrust

A toddler in Freud's anal stage would also be at Erikson's _____. A) autonomy versus shame and doubt stage B) oral stage C) trust versus mistrust stage D) object permanence stage

According to Erikson's theory, what holds true for most toddlers? A) They want to depend on their caregivers to meet all of their needs. B) They want to gain a sense of control over their own bodies. C) Toilet training is only a minor step in learning a sense of autonomy. D) They need to feel guilt and shame in order to strengthen their sense of autonomy.

Huan is 20 months old, and his Mother is in a hurry. She wants to put his shoes on, but Huan rejects her efforts by squirming and declaring, "No! Me!" It takes him five minutes, and his shoes end up on the wrong feet, but he proudly skips out to the car when he's done. Huan is in Erikson's _____ stage. A) trust versus mistrust B) autonomy versus shame and doubt C) anal stage D) oral stage

Developmentalists have demonstrated that social learning takes place _____. A) through early childhood B) through middle childhood C) through adolescence D) throughout life

According to cognitive theory, infants use their early relationships to develop a set of assumptions that become a frame of reference for later in life. Such a set of assumptions is called a _____. A) referential hypothesis B) working model C) schematic plan D) work-in-progress

A working model, according to cognitive theory, _____. A) can never change B) is final C) can be reorganized D) is irrational

The social smile in response to another person begins to appear at about 3 weeks of age. A) True B) False

*Colic is likely the result of immature digestion in infants. A) True B) False

*Parents in North America are more likely to encourage their children to feel modesty and shame than parents in Asia. A) True B) False

*Social interactions are the only foundations for emotional growth. A) True B) False

The difficulty in distinguishing distinct emotions in early infancy is probably the result of brain immaturity. A) True B) False

*When a father makes a silly face and his infant widens her eyes in surprise, there is evidence of synchrony. A) True B) False

Infants of depressed mothers are still better off staying home with their mothers than being sent to other caregiving situations. A) True B) False

It has been shown that babies are often unaffected by and immune to parental stress. A) True B) False

Studies show that there are significant differences between mother-child play and father-child play with infants under 12 months of age. A) True B) False

According to cognitive theorists, beliefs and thoughts determine one's perspective on the world. A) True B) False

*The three dimensions of temperament are effortful control, _____, and exuberant.

Attachment begins to form in early life, usually solidifying by the age of _____.

*A 12-month-old girl who shows no distress at her mother's departure and is also indifferent to her return is probably displaying _____ attachment.

*The classic laboratory procedure used to measure attachment by evoking an infant's reaction to stress is called the _____.

*Research on the developmental progression of adopted Romanian infants reveals that early _____, not genetics, was the most likely cause of their later problems.

*When infants watch other people for emotional cues in uncertain situations, they are engaging in _____.

*____ tend to engage their infants in more active play than the infant's other parent does.

*Psychologists from the _____ school of thought believe that a child's personality is "created" or largely determined by his or her parents.

*Theorists in the behaviorist tradition, such as Albert Bandura, include the role of _____ learning in explaining how personality traits form.

According to cognitive theory, the set of assumptions that an individual uses to organize perceptions and experiences is called a _____ model.

Briefly discuss three predictors of secure attachment in infants.

Name at least four conditions that can result in an insecure attachment between infants and caregivers. What might be done to improve the level of attachment?

Why does a child use social referencing?

Compare the behaviorist and psychoanalytic perspectives on early childhood personality development.

Describe the five characteristics of high-quality day care.