Chapter 3: Water And The Fitness Of The Environment

a molecule in which the two ends have opposite charges

hydrogen bonding holds a substance together

clinging of one substance to another

measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid

energy of motion

measure of the matter's total kinetic energy

measure of heat intensity that represents the average kinetic energy of the molecules

using celsius to indicate temperature

amount of heat it takes to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1'C.

amount of heat it takes to raise the temperature of 1kg of water by 1˚C.

amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of that substance to change its temperature by 1˚C.

change from a liquid to a gas

quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gas state

as a liquid evaporates, the surface that remains cools down

liquid that is a completely homogeneous mixture of two or more substances

dissolving agent of a solution

substance that is dissolved in a solution

solution in which water is the solvent

sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion

any substance that has an affinity for water

stable suspension of fine particles in a liquid

any substance that repels water

the sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule

unit of measurement that represents 6.02 x 10²³

number of moles of solute per liter of solution

single proton

water molecule that lost a proton

a water molecule with an extra proton

substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

a measure of hydrogen ion concentration in a solution based on a scale 1 to 14

substances that minimize changes in the concentrations of H⁺ and OH⁻ in a solution

rain, snow, or fog with a pH lower than pH 5.2

a unit of energy: one joule= 0.239 cal, and one cal= 4.184J.

four ... hydrogen

Hydronium ion: A water molecule that gains a hydrogen becomes a hydronium ion.

Hydroxide ion: A water molecule that loses a hydrogen ion is referred to as a hydroxide ion.

H2O + H2O <==> H3O+ + OH-

+1

-1 A hydroxide ion is formed when a water molecule loses a hydrogen ion.

1 in 500,000,000 (one in half a billion)

The correct answer: hydrogen ions is equal to the concentration of hydroxide ions. This describes a basic solution.

a substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. ex when HCl is added to water, it dissociates into H+ and Cl-

a substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration, sometimes by directly accepting H+ ions. ex ammonia (NH3) acts as a base when the unshared electron pair in nitrogen's valence shell attracts an H+ ion, resulting in an ammonium ion (NH4+). Other bases reduce the H+ concentration indirectly by dissociating to form hydroxide ions, which combine with hydrogen ions and form water. ex NaOH becomes Na+ and OH-.

compounds that dissociate completely when mixed with water ex HCl (acid) and NaOH (base)

compounds that reversibly release and accept back hydrogen ions. ex carbonic acid (H2CO3) can dissociate to become HCO3- and H+, but these can combine back again. Also NH3 and H+ can become NH4+ or break apart again.

1 x 10^-10 mol of hydroxyl ion per liter of lake water

10^-14. This can be written as [H+][OH-] = 10^-14. the brackets indicate molar concentration.

[H+]=10^-7 and [OH-]=10^-7.

10^-3

absorption and release of heat when hydrogen bonds break and form.

Blood pH will decrease slightly because CO2 is acidic, so it has a higher concentration of H+ ions which will lead to a decreased pH in the blood as these ions bind to the OH-.