Which of the following is not a role of activated complement?
answer
prevention of immediate hypersensitivity reactions
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A flu vaccine is needed seasonally to be effective but a polio vaccine is only needed once. The best explanation of this is______
answer
the flu has several strains that change seasonally
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The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local hyperemia caused by______
answer
vasodilation
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Antibody functions include all of the following except
answer
cross-linking cell-bound antigens on red blood cells when blood types are properly matched
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In clonal selection of B cells, which substance is responsible for determining which cells eventually become cloned?
answer
antigen
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Plasma cells_______
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Have a great deal of rough endoplasmic reticulum reflecting the fact that they secrete a tremendous amount of protein (antibody)
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Complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism. This phenomenon is termed_________
answer
opsonization
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Overlap in the innate and adaptive immune system is seen in all of the following examples but one. Which of the following examples does not illustrate the overlap of innate and adaptive immune response?
answer
NK cells causing apoptosis of an abnormal host cell, lacking MHC proteins.
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Monoclonal antibodies are used for the diagnosis of all of the following except_____
answer
elevated blood glucose
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Which of the following is characteristic of complete antigens?
answer
reactivity with an antibody
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Without the positive selection process in lymphocyte maturation___________
answer
T-cells would not be able to properly bind to APC's and therefore not be activated by them
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Which of the following is not a function of the inflammatory response?
answer
replaces injured tissues with connective tissue
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Immunocompetence_________
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Is the ability of individual cells to recognize a specific antigen by binding to it
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Which of the following is associated with passive immunity?
answer
passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus
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Select the best description of the negative selection process of lymphocyte maturation.
answer
removal of lymphocytes that react with "self" cells
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Select the correct statement about active and passive immunity
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Active and passive humoral immunity are both mechanisms of adaptive immunity that use antibodies
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Vaccines work by_____
answer
?
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Which immunoglobulin class is attached to the external surface of B cells and acts as an antigen receptor of the B cell?
answer
IgD
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Chose the best description of an antigen
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A particle that triggers the adaptive immunity
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Phagocyte mobilization involves______
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mainly neutrophil and macrophage migration into inflamed areas
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B cells respond to the initial antigen challenge by_______
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producing progeny cells that include plasma cells and memory cells
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Fever__________
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production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting
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Which of the following is not a complement activation pathway?
answer
lactate pathway
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Helper T cells______
answer
function in the adaptive immune system activation
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During inflammation fluids will passively diffuse out of blood vessels into the nearby, infected tissues. This implies all of the following except_____
answer
B-lymphocytes will differentiate to become plasma cells
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Which of the following does not describe actions of interferon (IFN)?
answer
IFN can penetrate the viral capsid and destroy the virus
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T-cell activation requires_____
answer
antigen binding and co-stimulation
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Which of the following is a part of the second line of defense against microorganisms?
answer
phagocytes
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Cancer cells and virus-infected body cells can be killed before activation of adaptive immunity by________
answer
natural killer cells
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An advantage to adaptive immunity is______
answer
Its memory cells that provide quicker, larger and more efficient immune response upon second exposure to an antigen
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Which of the following best describes the qualities of most antigens?
answer
macromolecules that are foreign to the host
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An advantage of innate immunity is_______
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The use of the antibodies to cause cell lysis and kill invading cells
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Allergens differ from antigens because________
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Allergens produce an abnormally large immune response to what is an otherwise harmless particle
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Which of the following statements is incorrect or false?
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Class II MHC molecules appear only on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, thymic cells, and T cells that have been activated by exposure to antigens.
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A vaccine is effective because_________
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The secondary response of the adaptive immunity is faster and more efficient then primary response
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The primary immune response_______
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has a lag person while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells
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Which of the statements below does not describe antigens?
answer
Antigens only come from microbes
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Activated T cells and macrophages relases______ to mobilize immune cells and attract other leukocytes into the area.
answer
cytokines
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B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the____________
answer
bone marrow
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Natural killer (NK) cells________
answer
can kill cancer cells before the immune system is activated
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Select the correct statement about antigens
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One antigen may have many different antigenic determinants and may therefore cause the formation of more than one antibody.
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Select the correct statement about immunodeficiency.
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The causative agent in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a virus that recognizes CD4 proteins
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What is the role of interferon in defense against disease?
answer
protects cells that have not yet been infected by viruses
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Cytotoxic T cells__________
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can directly attack and kill other cells of the body
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Inflammation__________
answer
brings more leukocytes to the sight of infection
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Clonal selection of B cells_________
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results in the formation of plasma cells
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Which of the following is not a mechanism for the development of autoimmune disorders?
answer
a second exposure to an allergen
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Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement?
answer
After becoming immunocompetent, the naive T cells and B cells are exported to the bone marrow where the encounters with antigens occur
question
All but one of the following occur during the inflammatory response. Select the example below that does not describe the process of inflammation.
answer
Vasoconstriction will prevent excessive blood loss due to injury
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All of the following are true of the classical pathway of complement activation expect one. Select the one answer that does not describe the classical pathway of complement activation.
answer
It activates T-helper cells by presenting antigen to them
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Which of the following statements regarding NK cells is a false or incorrect statement?
answer
Nk cells are a type of neutrophil
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Which of the following examples below describes an autoimmune disease?
answer
Antibody binding to acetylcholine receptors of the motor end plate resulting in muscle weakness
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Small molecules that bind with self-proteins to produce antigenic substances are called________
answer
haptens
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B-lymphocytes are categorized as part of the adaptive branch of the immune system for all of the following reason but one. Which of the following is not one of the reasons B-lymphocytes are considered part of the adaptive immunity?
answer
They are a first line of defense that can begin killing pathogens immediately.
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Membrane attack complex (MAC) kills by________
answer
disrupting the selectively permeability of a bacteria's plasma membrane
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Which of the following is not a type of T cell?
answer
antigenic
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Innate immune system defenses include_________
answer
phagocytosis
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Regulatory T cells_______
answer
May function in preventing autoimmune reactions
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Which statement is true about T cells?
answer
Their proliferation is enhanced by interleukins 1 and 2
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Which of the following cells has the largest role and most widespread of effect on immunity?
answer
helper T cell
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