Chapter 17

27 August 2022
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ethos
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the name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility
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credibility
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the audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic. The two major factors influencing a speaker's credibility are competence and character.
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initial credibility
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the credibility of a speaker before she or he starts to speak
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derived credibility
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the credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech
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terminal credibility
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the credibility of a speaker at the end of the speech
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creating common ground
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a technique in which a speaker connects himself or herself with the values, attitudes, or experiences of the audience
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evidence
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Supporting materials used to prove or disprove something
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logos
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The name used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker. The two major elements of logos are evidence and reasoning.
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reasoning
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the process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence
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reasoning from specific instances
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reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion
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reasoning from principle
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reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion
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casual reasoning
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reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects
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analogical reasoning
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reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second
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fallacy
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an error in reasoning
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Hasty Generalization
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a fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence
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false cause
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a fallacy in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second
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invalid analogy
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an analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike
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bandwagon
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A fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable.
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red herring
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A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion
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ad hominem
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a fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute
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either-or
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a fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist
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Slippery Slope
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A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented
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appeal to tradition
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a fallacy which assumes that something old is automatically better than something new
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appeal to novelty
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a fallacy which assumes that something new is automatically better than something old
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pathos
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the name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as emotional appeal
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What many teachers refer to as source credibility was called ethos by Aristotle. True or False
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True
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The credibility of a speaker before he or she starts to speak is called derived credibility. True or False
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False
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Terminal credibility is the credibility of the speaker at the end of the speech. True or False
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True
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Establishing common ground with an audience is especially important in the conclusion of a persuasive speech True or False
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False
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Research indicates that evidence is usually more persuasive when it is stated in specific rather than general terms True or False
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True
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When you reason from specific instances in a speech you move from a general example to a specific conclusion True or False
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False
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Because it moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion reasoning from principle is the opposite of reasoning from specific instances True or False
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True
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When you are casual reasoning in a persuasive speech you seek to establish the relationship between a general principle and a specific conclusion True or False
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False
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Arguments guilty of ad hominem fallacy attack the person rather than dealing with the real issue is dispute True or False
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True
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The slippery slope fallacy assumes that because something is popular it is therefore good correct and desirable True or False
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false