Competence and character are the most important factors affecting a speaker's credibility
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TRUE Explanation: Competence is the ability to do something well. It includes having the knowledge, skills, and abilities necessary to do something effectively. Character is the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles. It includes being trustworthy, reliable, and having integrity. Credibility is the belief that someone is telling the truth and is trustworthy. It is based on the speaker's competence and character.
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Research shows that a speaker's credibility is strongly affected by his or her delivery.
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TRUE Explanation: When we hear someone speak, we automatically make judgments about that person's credibility based on their delivery. If they sound confident, competent, and trustworthy, we are more likely to believe what they're saying. On the other hand, if they sound nervous, unsure of themselves, or like they're hiding something, we are less likely to believe them.This research has important implications for public speakers. If you want your audience to believe what you're saying, it's important to make sure that your delivery conveys confidence, competence, and trustworthiness. Otherwise, your audience is likely to write you off as untrustworthy, no matter how true your message may be.
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Research indicates that evidence is usually more persuasive when it is stated in specific rather than general terms.
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TRUE Explanation: When people are trying to persuade others, they will often use generalities rather than specifics. For example, someone might say you should vote for me because I'm a good person." This is a general statement that doesn't give any specific evidence to back up the claim. On the other hand, if the person said "you should vote for me because I have a lot of experience in politics," this would be more persuasive because it is a specific piece of evidence that supports the claim. In general, people are more likely to be persuaded by evidence that is stated in specific terms rather than in generalities."
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Reasoning from specific instances involves progressing from a number of particular facts to a general conclusion.
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TRUE Explanation: Reasoning from specific instances involves looking at a number of particular facts and then coming to a general conclusion. This is often done by looking for patterns in the data. For example, if you wanted to conclude that all dogs are friendly, you might reason from specific instances by looking at a number of different dogs and observing that they all seem to be friendly.
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The following statement is an example of reasoning from principle: "Places such as Singapore that allow caning and other forms of corporal punishment have exceedingly low crime rates. If caning were used in the United States, the U.S. would have lower crime rates as well."
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FALSE Explanation: The statement above is an example of reasoning from principle. The principle in this case is that corporal punishment is an effective way to deter crime. The reasoning is that since places like Singapore that allow caning have low crime rates, then if caning were used in the United States, the U.S. would also have low crime rates.
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In addition to being illogical, the ad hominem fallacy is also unethical.
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TRUE Explanation: The ad hominem fallacy is an illogical argumentative technique in which someone attempts to discredit their opponent by attacking their character instead of engaging with their argument. This fallacious tactic is also unethical because it relies on personal attacks instead of reasoned debate. By attacking their opponent's character, the person using the ad hominem fallacy is trying to distract from the merits of their argument and instead focus on something that is irrelevant. This is a dishonest and unethical debating tactic that should be avoided.
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The slippery slope fallacy assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable
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FALSE Explanation: .The slippery slope fallacy is the false belief that if something is popular, it must be good, correct, or desirable. This fallacy is often used to argue against something by claiming that it will lead to undesirable consequences. For example, someone might argue that if we allow same-sex marriage, then it will lead to people marrying animals. This is a slippery slope argument, because it is based on the false belief that popularity equals goodness.
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One of the advantages of using causal reasoning in a persuasive speech is that the relationship between causes and effects is usually fairly obvious.
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FALSE Explanation: The advantage of using causal reasoning in a persuasive speech is that the speaker can more easily show how one event led to another, and how that second event had a specific outcome. This type of reasoning allows the speaker to build a stronger argument by showing how each event in a chain is connected. Additionally, causal reasoning can help the audience to better understand the speaker's argument and see how it might apply to their own lives.
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As your textbook explains, it is unethical to use emotional appeal in a persuasive speech on a question of policy.
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FALSE Explanation: As your textbook explains, it is unethical to use emotional appeal in a persuasive speech on a question of policy. This is because using emotional appeal in this context can manipulate people's opinions and make them more likely to support a policy that they might not otherwise agree with. Additionally, emotional appeal can be used to exploit people's fears and prejudices, which can lead to discrimination and other negative outcomes.
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The most important question to ask when assessing analogical reasoning is whether the two cases being compared are essentially alike
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TRUE Explanation: in the relevant respects.Analogical reasoning is a process of making inferences by comparing two or more cases that are similar in some respect. The most important question to ask when assessing analogical reasoning is whether the two cases being compared are essentially alike in the relevant respects. This question is important because it determines whether the analogy is likely to be helpful in making the inference. If the cases are not essentially alike, then the analogy is not likely to be helpful.
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According to your textbook, the two most important factors affecting the credibility of a persuasive speaker are
a. competence and character.
b. prestige and charisma.
c. character and reputation.
d. popularity and intelligence.
e. charisma and competence.
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a. competence and character Explanation:in the relevant respects.Analogical reasoning is a process of making inferences by comparing two or more cases that are similar in some respect. The most important question to ask when assessing analogical reasoning is whether the two cases being compared are essentially alike in the relevant respects. This question is important because it determines whether the analogy is likely to be helpful in making the inference. If the cases are not essentially alike, then the analogy is not likely to be helpful.
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According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of what type of fallacy?
How can we be so concerned about shielding children in the U.S. from Internet pornography when millions of children around the world continue to be sold into slavery every year?
a. either-or
b. red herring
c. false deduction
d. ad hominem
e. invalid analogy
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b. red herring Explanation: The statement is an example of a false dilemma, or an either-or fallacy. This is because it presents two options as if they are the only possible options, when in reality there are other options. It also uses a red herring, which is a type of fallacy that distracts from the issue at hand by bringing up another issue.
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When giving a persuasive speech to an audience that opposes your point of view, it is especially important that you use to answer their objections to your views.
a. visual aids
b. syllogisms
c. credibility statements
d. emotional appeals
e. evidence
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e. evidence Explanation: When giving a persuasive speech to an audience that opposes your point of view, it is especially important that you use evidence to answer their objections to your views. Credibility statements and emotional appeals can help to make your argument more persuasive, but ultimately it is the evidence that will convince the audience to change their minds. Visual aids can be helpful in presenting your evidence in a clear and concise way. Syllogisms can also be used to logically break down your argument and show how your evidence supports your conclusion.
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According to your textbook, as a persuasive speaker, your two major concerns with respect to reasoning are to
a. establish credibility and reason correctly.
b. make sure your reasoning is clear and credible.
c. avoid fallacies and support reasoning with testimony.
d. adapt reasoning to both hostile and favorable listeners.
e. make sure your reasoning is sound and persuasive
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e. make sure your reasoning is sound and persuasive Explanation: .Your textbook is correct that, as a persuasive speaker, your two major concerns with respect to reasoning are to establish credibility and reason correctly. However, there are a few other important considerations to keep in mind when crafting a persuasive argument.First, you need to make sure that your reasoning is clear and credible. This means avoiding fallacies and using strong evidence to support your claims. Additionally, it is important to adapt your reasoning to both hostile and favorable listeners. This ensures that your argument is sound and persuasive.
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Which of the following is presented in your textbook as a guideline for reasoning from specific instances in a persuasive speech?
a. reinforce your argument with statistics and testimony
b. include at least one extended example among your specific instances
c. avoid generalizing too hastily
d. all of the above
e. a and c only
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e. a and c only Explanation: The textbook presents all of the above as guidelines for reasoning from specific instances in a persuasive speech.
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According to your textbook, emotional appeal is not appropriate in which kind of persuasive speech?
a. the speech on a question of fact
b. the speech on a question of value
c. the speech on a question of proof
d. the speech on a question of policy
e. the speech on a question of ethics
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a. the speech on a question of fact Explanation: The emotional appeal is not appropriate in the speech on a question of ethics.
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To create common ground with an audience in the introduction of a persuasive speech, your textbook recommends that you
a. show the audience that you share their values.
b. use statistics to show the extent of a problem.
c. confront the audience for failing to do the right thing.
d. all of the above.
e. a and b only.
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a. show the audience that you share their values. Explanation: The textbook recommends that you show the audience that you share their values in order to create common ground with them in the introduction of a persuasive speech. You can also use statistics to show the extent of a problem in order to create common ground with the audience.
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According to your textbook, when you reason from principle in a persuasive speech, you should give special attention to
a. deciding whether you need to support your general principle with evidence.
b. showing that the analogy underlying your general principle is valid.
c. establishing your credibility to speak on the matter of principle at hand.
d. avoiding the fallacy of post hoc, ergo proper hoc in your reasoning.
e. balancing the time you spend on your general principle and minor premise.
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a. deciding whether you need to support your general principle with evidence. Explanation: When you reason from principle in a persuasive speech, you should give special attention to:a. Deciding whether you need to support your general principle with evidence.b. Showing that the analogy underlying your general principle is valid.c. Establishing your credibility to speak on the matter of principle at hand.d. Avoiding the fallacy of post hoc, ergo propter hoc in your reasoning.e. Balancing the time you spend on your general principle and minor premise.
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What error in reasoning is exemplified by the following statement?
I always wear my blue sweater when I take an exam, but I couldn't find it yesterday. If I had worn it yesterday, I would not have flunked my accounting exam.
a. circular thinking
b. hasty generalization
c. invalid analogy
d. false cause
e. faulty deduction
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d. false cause Explanation: The error in reasoning exemplified by the following statement is false cause. The fact that the person couldn't find their blue sweater does not mean that it was the cause of them flunking their exam. There could have been many other factors that led to the person flunking their exam.
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When reasoning analogically, you infer that
a. a causal relationship can be established between two or more events.
b. what is true in one case will also be true in a similar case.
c. a general principle is validated by a question of fact.
d. your position is true because it is demonstrated by statistical trends.
e. a specific conclusion is true because it is verified by a general principle.
answer
b. what is true in one case will also be true in a similar case. Explanation: When reasoning analogically, you infer that what is true in one case will also be true in a similar case. You reason by analogy when you compare two or more things that are similar in some respects and draw a conclusion about the things being compared.
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