ch 9 test

1) The main difficulty that occurs when students are too quick to decide what a problem asks is that they may A) activate an inappropriate schema. B) become too reflective. C) experience overgeneralization. D) rely on heuristics instead of algorithms to solve it.

2) You remember that, when you lost your billfold last semester, campus security found it for you. You lost it again this morning and decided to call campus security. The method used to solve this problem is called a(n) A) heuristic search. B) means-ends analysis. C) pattern matching. D) schema-driven route.

3) The strategy of solving a crossword puzzle by doing "down" items before "across" items is an example of A) a heuristic. B) metacognition. C) patterning. D) top-down processing.

4) A procedure that is guaranteed to accomplish a particular goal when correctly implemented is called a(n) A) algorithm. B) heuristic. C) theorem. D) working-backward strategy.

5) Which one of the following concepts is consistent with the notion of a heuristic? A) Analogical thinking B) Domain specific C) Exhaustive D) Guaranteed solution

6) Sgt. York couldn't get a shot at the enemy, who was keeping his head down in a foxhole. "Why, he's acting just like the turkeys back in Kentucky!" Sgt.York thought and yelled out his best turkey gobble. The enemy stuck up his head to see what the noise was and found a bullet. What cognition process did the sergeant use? A) Analogical thinking B) Deductive logic C) Overlearning D) The generate-test method

7) Means-ends analysis in problem solving involves A) beginning at the goal and moving backwards to the unsolved initial problem. B) distance reduction and dividing a problem into subgoals. C) limiting the search for solutions having something in common with the problem. D) using analogical reasoning and heuristics.

8) Hernando looked at the problem and exclaimed: "Aha! This is just like when Ahab was obsessed with the great white whale, Moby Dick!" This comment is the result of A) analogical thinking. B) deductive logic. C) overlearning. D) the generate-test method.

9) Which one of the following students BEST illustrates the state of functional fixedness? A) Nathaniel, a student who is using a ruler for drawing lines, fails to realize that he can use its metal edge as a scraper to remove paint from his desk. B) Kathy, a student who is trying to solve a math problem, explores many different strategies until she finds a reasonable answer. C) Rebecca, a third-grade teacher, sees the second-grade achievement scores for her new class and begins to form expectancies about individuals' abilities. D) Wendell, who is used to making "d" look like "b," continues to make the same error.

10) Greg ponders over a math problem. He looks, frowns, and several minutes pass as he continues to study and shuffle his papers. All at once, he smiles, picks up his pencil, and writes down the correct answer. The suddenness of Greg's solution best exemplifies A) functional fixedness. B) insight. C) problem representation. D) transfer.

11) Frank was supposed to push three wheelbarrows back to the barn, and he wasn't relishing the idea of three trips. Then in a flash he reorganized the problem. He loaded two wheelbarrows onto the third and made one trip. In doing this, he demonstrated A) flexibility. B) functional fixedness. C) insight. D) response set.

12) Gloria thinks about the solution to a problem regarding welfare in her American Problems course. She asks herself what she needs to know in order to solve the problem. She tries to think about the problem in different and, possibly, creative ways. She is then able to clarify the problem and propose a potentially useful solution. The aspect of problem solving that Gloria's strategy exemplifies is A) flexibility. B) functional fixedness. C) response set. D) transfer.

13) Studies of expertise have discovered that chess masters are superior to nonexpert players in A) conscious analytical thought. B) domain knowledge. C) random chess pattern recognition. D) recognition of meaningful chess patterns.

14) Creativity is thought to be associated directly with what type of thinking? A) Convergent B) Deductive reasoning C) Divergent thinking D) Intuitive

15) Michael was asked to devise as many uses for a brick as he could. After taking the assignment home to work on further, he came up with over 30 ideas, many of which were not proposed by any other student. All of Michael's ideas dealt with using a brick to break things. In what aspect of creativity proposed by Torrence is Michael lacking? A) Flexibility B) Fluency C) Incubation D) Originality

16) Ms. Cricket gave a creative writing assignment on today's film. She allows 10 minutes today and 10 minutes tomorrow to work on it. What component of the creative process is she fostering? A) Automaticity B) Elaboration C) Flexibility D) Restructuring

17) Which one of the following people illustrates the best example of creative behavior? A) Billy uses and established method to solve an algebraic equation on a test. B) Calita uses an encyclopedia to find the significance of the date July 4, 1776. C) Jack pours a solution of acid into a breaker of water in the chemistry lab. D) Sheryl generates a list of solutions for the recycling problem.

18) In order to encourage student creativity, teachers are advised to A) enhance each student's reliance on authorities for response accuracy. B) promote convergent thinking and problem-solving skills. C) reinforce unusual solutions, even if the product is not perfect. D) work on increasing the speed with which students can identify solutions to problems

19) Expert teachers don't have to think as hard as beginning teachers due to an ability to A) access short-term memory. B) memorize many details. C) recognize patterns in problems. D) use logical reasoning.

20) Ms. Cricket gave a creative writing assignment on today's film. She allows 10 minutes today and 10 minutes tomorrow to work on it. What component of the creative process is she fostering? A) Automaticity B) Elaboration C) Flexibility D) Restructuring

21) You are teaching a class of students who are very inexperienced in solving problems on their own. What is the most useful strategy for the teacher to use in order to help students solve the problems for a particular unit? A) Combine the use of guidelines for problem solving with student self-monitoring. B) Provide an algorithm that specifies the steps for one of the specific problems. C) Supply general guidelines for problem solving and have students experiment through trial and error. D) Use teacher demonstrations in conjunction with partner learning.

23) One of the conditions for using good learning strategies is that students must A) be able to work independently. B) understand that ability is more important than effort. C) value and care about learning. D) have speed of learning.

22) Use of the READS method would probably have questionable benefits for A) children in early elementary school. B) encouraging a distributed practice schedule. C) high school students. D) improving recall of information from the text.

24) Cheryl gets good grades in her language class but uses incorrect grammar and punctuation in her written work in other classes. This situation suggests a problem with A) assimilation. B) encoding. C) integration. D) transfer.

25) Rory learned about divergent rays in physics class when he was studying the effects of lenses. Later, in his psychology class, he immediately understood the concept of "divergent thinking." What learning experience did Rory have? A) A response set B) Functional fixedness C) General transfer D) Negative transfer

26) Jennifer had her stomach pumped after she ingested part of an unknown compound in chemistry class. "But at home we always taste things to find out whether they're sugar or salt," she said. Jennifer is a victim of A) negative transfer. B) improper coding. C) intuitive thinking. D) positive transfer

27) Learning Latin to improve basic intelligence would possibly be inefficient due to A) general rather than specific transfer taking place. B) specific rather than general transfer taking place. C) the impracticality of disciplining mental processes. D) the irrelevance of the subject.

28) Overlearning is the process of practicing a skill A) for too long, such that retroactive inhibition develops. B) for too long, such that proactive inhibition develops. C) past the point of mastery, such that retention is improved. D) similar to one previously learned, so that positive transfer is realized.

29) Before pulling off the bank job, Bugsy had his gang recite the steps of the operation. "Do we hafta, Bugsy?" complained Willy. "We must have been over them steps fifty times already." Bugsy is aware of the benefits of A) general transfer. B) making learning meaningful. C) modeling. D) overlearning.

30) Which one of the following transfer stages is NOT one of Gary Phyte's stages in developing strategic transfer of learning? A) Acquisition phase B) Overlearning phase C) Retention phase D) Transfer phase

31) The stage of transfer for strategies in which the teacher should provide new problems that can be solved with the same strategy is the stage of A) acquisition. B) overlearning. C) retention. D) transfer.

The eighth grade is preparing for its annual "School Scam Skit," in which students parody amusing school events during the year. Alonzo, the class President, discovers that the class has mistakenly sold 500 tickets for an auditorium with a seating capacity of only 200. The auditorium is not available for any other night, and the class does not have the funds available to rent a suitable room elsewhere. Numerous possible solutions may exist, but the class is feeling panicked. The class officers are meeting in order to attempt to find a solution to this problem. What type of cognitive approach is each class officer using? 32) Gwen, the class Vice President, suggested that they organize committees that would be responsible for (1) checking the calendar to see if the program could be held on two consecutive nights; (2) checking with other junior or senior high schools in the community to find out about availability of their facilities; and (3) checking on the possibility of using the high school's football stadium to construct a stage and lighting system for an outdoor program. A) Analogical thinking B) Brainstorming C) Means-end analysis D) Response set E) Working backwards

33) Nephi, the class Treasurer, told the class officers that this situation reminded him of the Titanic sinking. Accordingly, the Titanic officers could have preserved three times the number of people had they allowed the passengers to lay alongside the life boats and support themselves by holding onto the gunnels. Perhaps the solution to the current problem is embedded in the Titanic problem. A) Analogical thinking B) Brainstorming C) Means-end analysis D) Response set E) Working backwards

34) Which one of the following is the first step in the KWL reading strategy? A) Asking "what I have I learning?" B) Asking "what do I already know about this subject?" C) Asking "which mnemonic will help me the most in this situation?" D) Asking "what do I want to know?" E) Asking "which information is most likely to be on the test?"

35) Which one of the following statements is TRUE? A) Analogical thinking and metacognition are the same process. B) Children in second grade are too young to engage in self-reflection. C) Very young children are better metacognitve thinkers than adolescents. D) Students' metacognitive skills are fixed because they are aligned to their learning style. E) Metacognitive knowledge and skills can be learned and improved