Ch 20 Basic Bio

The present rate of species loss ______. A) is about the same as it has been during the last 100,000 years B) is as much as 100 times higher than at any time in the last 100,000 years C) suggests that about 25% of all plant and animal species may be extinct by the end of the century D) is slower than in recent years because of conservation efforts

The single greatest threat to biodiversity comes from ______. A) invasive species B) overexploitation C) pollution D) habitat destruction and fragmentation

Several years ago I was crossing the border from Canada to the United States and I had a bag of Washington State apples with me. The customs officer at the border would not let me take the apples with me into the United States (and I really hated the idea of getting rid of a bag of perfectly good apples). Why did the customs officer refuse to allow me to cross the border with my apples? A) There may have been a species that was not native to the United States hitching a ride on my apples. B) Economics: If I couldn't bring the apples in with me, I would have to buy my apples from a store in the United States. C) Apples grown in the United States for export may be contaminated with DDT. D) Washington State apples are considered an endangered fruit.

An example of a mutualism, or +/+ relationship, is ______. A) herbivory B) the relationship between corals and unicellular algae C) cryptic coloration in frogs D) the relationship between Virginia's warblers and orange-crowned warblers, which use some of the same resources

Populations of two coexisting species are both tertiary consumers in a community. What relationship may exist between these two organisms? A) commensalism B) competition C) predation D) mutualism

As a result of a severe disturbance, a community will ______. A) not be repopulated B) be replaced by a community that is completely different from the previous community C) not recover for thousands of years D) undergo succession

Organisms that consume producers are ______. A) primary consumers B) decomposers C) producers D) detritivores

In the food chain grass → antelope → human → lion, the antelope is A) both a producer and a primary consumer. B) both an herbivore and a primary consumer. C) a secondary consumer only. D) both an herbivore and a secondary consumer.

In the food chain grass → antelope → human → lion, the human is a(n) ______. A) secondary consumer B) tertiary consumer C) primary consumer D) producer

Small fishes that eat zooplankton are A) tertiary consumers B) primary consumers C) producers D) secondary consumers

Which of these convert organic matter to inorganic matter by breaking down dead organisms? A) detritivores B) producers C) primary consumers D) decomposers

Most decomposers are _____. A) bacteria and plants B) fungi and prokaryotes C) animals D) plants and fungi

Bears eat berries, humans, and large fish; large fish eat smaller fish and insects; humans eat bears, large fish, and berries; Venus flytraps eat insects. The scenario described here is an example of ______. A) a food chain B) an ecosystem C) parasitism D) a food web

Herbivory is an example of a _____ interaction. A) 0/+ B) +/+ C) -/- D) +/-

In order to assess the species diversity of a community, you would need to know the number of different species present as well as ______. A) the fraction of these species that are plants B) the number of trophic levels in the community C) the relative abundance of the different species D) the intensity of interspecific competition in the community

What is one way in which energy flow differs from chemical cycling? A) Energy flow is unidirectional; chemical elements can be recycled. B) Energy can enter but cannot leave an ecosystem; chemical elements can leave but cannot enter an ecosystem. C) Energy flows from lower to higher trophic levels; chemicals cycle from higher to lower trophic levels. D) Energy can both enter and leave an ecosystem; chemical elements always remain within a single ecosystem.

Approximately what percentage of the visible light that reaches Earth's producers is converted to chemical energy? A) 10% B) 1% C) 0.1% D) 0.01%

Biomass is the total amount of ______ an ecosystem. A) organic matter tied up in the consumers of B) organic matter tied up in the producers of C) living organic material in D) chemical elements recycled by the detritivores of

The rate at which an ecosystem's producers convert solar energy to chemical energy stored in biomass is called ______. A) primary productivity B) chemical cycle C) trophic structure D) energy flow

On average, what percentage of the energy in one trophic level becomes incorporated into the next higher trophic level? A) 50% B) 10% C) 90% D) 30%

Which type of ecosystem has low production but nonetheless contributes a large proportion of Earth's total net primary production? A) desert B) tropical rain forest C) open ocean D) coral reef

Why are most food chains limited to three to five trophic levels? A) The nutritional quality of existing biomass decreases with increasing trophic level. B) Most ecosystems have insufficient space to support the increased number of organisms that more trophic levels would require. C) The higher the trophic level, the larger the organism; the larger the organism, the less likely it will be prey. D) There is insufficient energy to support more trophic levels.

Besides the atmosphere, abiotic reservoirs of carbon dioxide include A) fossil fuels only. B) rocks and dissolved carbon compounds in the oceans. C) fossil fuels and dissolved carbon compounds in the oceans. D) rocks only.

The atmosphere is approximately 80% ______ gas. A) CH4 B) H2O C) N2 D) CO2

Plants can utilize the ______ form of nitrogen. A) nitrate B) N2 C) thiol D) amino

Which of these organisms convert atmospheric nitrogen gas to a form that can be utilized by plants? A) animals B) fungi C) bacteria D) protists

______ convert nitrogen from a form that can be assimilated by plants to N2. A) Denitrifying bacteria B) Nitrifying bacteria C) Nitrogen-fixing bacteria living in the root nodules of legumes D) Nitrogen-fixing bacteria living in the soil

The major abiotic reservoir for phosphorus is ______. A) rock B) the atmosphere C) the oceans D) dead organic matter

With regard to nutrient pollution in aquatic ecosystems, when is the worst time to apply fertilizer to your lawn? A) when it is cold, or is about to get cold B) at night C) at the same time you apply pesticides D) when it is raining, or is about to rain

The primary goal of conservation biology is to ______. A) maximize the land set aside for wildlife B) integrate human culture back into nature C) counter the loss of biodiversity D) catalog species

Modern conservation science increasingly aims at ______. A) maintenance of genetic diversity within species B) countering pollution C) sustaining entire ecosystems D) protection of federally listed endangered species

Species found in only one place on Earth are called ______ species. A) hot spot B) keystone C) endemic D) exotic

Small areas that have a large number of endangered and threatened species are referred to as ______. A) endemic environments B) biologically magnified C) biodiversity hot spots D) biodiverse environments

A regional assemblage of interacting ecosystems is a ______. A) movement corridor B) landscape C) biome D) hot spot

Landscape ecology ______. A) deals with the study of the ranges of different species B) is the application of ecological principles to the study of land-use patterns C) focuses primarily on how to restore human-altered ecological systems D) deals primarily with ecosystems in urban settings

A movement corridor ______. A) is a natural component of the environment B) is a path used by migratory animals when they move to their winter habitats C) is the path most commonly used by an animal within its home range D) connects otherwise isolated patches of quality habitat for a species

Movement corridors are ______. A) only found along stream sides B) beneficial because they allow for dispersal, but not harmful C) harmful because they allow for the spread of disease and beneficial because they allow for dispersal D) always created by humans

Sustainable development ______. A) will require global, multinational cooperation B) will require making difficult decisions regarding the environment and lifestyle C) must be achieved if the human species is to survive D) involves all of the above

E. O. Wilson coined the term ______ for our innate appreciation of wild environments and living organisms. A) bioremediation B) biophilia C) bioethics D) biophobia

Please refer to the following art to answer the following question(s). Refer to the figure above. This photo represents ______ community(ies). A) 1 B) 0 C) 2 D) You cannot tell from the photo.

Please refer to the following art to answer the following question(s). In the ecosystem shown above, a toxin that accumulates in body tissues would have the largest effect on ______. A) The toxin would affect all of these equally. B) fish that eat shrimp and other invertebrates C) herbivorous shrimp D) corals that obtain their food from photosynthesizing dinoflagellates

The figure below shows the growth curves of two populations of Paramecium, P. aurelia and P. caudatum. From the data, we can conclude that ______. A) P. aurelia and P. caudatum have a mutualistic relationship B) the ecological niches of the two species are very different C) P. aurelia is a predator of P. caudatum D) P. aurelia is the superior competitor in this habitat

Refer to the following figure. If there were an additional trophic level that consisted of organisms that prey on snakes, about how much energy would be available to organisms at that trophic level? A) 90% B) 100 kcal C) 10 kcal D) 1 kcal

Malaria is an infectious disease caused by a unicellular eukaryotic organism belonging to the genus Plasmodium. These eukaryotic organisms are transmitted from one person to another by the female Anopheles mosquito when it feeds on human blood. Within humans, the Plasmodium spp. destroy red blood cells and, without effective treatment, serious infections can lead to death. Currently, more than 400 million people are afflicted with malaria and between 1 to 3 million people die from it each year. Historically, a chemical compound called quinine has been used in developing effective drugs against malaria. In its natural environment, quinine is produced by certain trees native to South America. This chemical is synthesized in the outer layer of tree trunks and acts as an herbivore deterrent. Based on the relationship between Plasmodium spp. and humans, these organisms would be considered ______. A) carnivores B) hosts C) parasites D producers

Malaria is an infectious disease caused by a unicellular eukaryotic organism belonging to the genus Plasmodium. These eukaryotic organisms are transmitted from one person to another by the female Anopheles mosquito when it feeds on human blood. Within humans, the Plasmodium spp. destroy red blood cells and, without effective treatment, serious infections can lead to death. Currently, more than 400 million people are afflicted with malaria and between 1 to 3 million people die from it each year. Historically, a chemical compound called quinine has been used in developing effective drugs against malaria. In its natural environment, quinine is produced by certain trees native to South America. This chemical is synthesized in the outer layer of tree trunks and acts as an herbivore deterrent. Humans, mosquitoes, and Plasmodium together would be considered a(n) ______. A) community B) population and community C) population D) ecosystem

Malaria is an infectious disease caused by a unicellular eukaryotic organism belonging to the genus Plasmodium. These eukaryotic organisms are transmitted from one person to another by the female Anopheles mosquito when it feeds on human blood. Within humans, the Plasmodium spp. destroy red blood cells and, without effective treatment, serious infections can lead to death. Currently, more than 400 million people are afflicted with malaria and between 1 to 3 million people die from it each year. Historically, a chemical compound called quinine has been used in developing effective drugs against malaria. In its natural environment, quinine is produced by certain trees native to South America. This chemical is synthesized in the outer layer of tree trunks and acts as an herbivore deterrent. Despite being used for many years, quinine-based drugs have not led to the eradication of malaria and currently there are mosquitoes that are resistant to the compound. Which of the following were likely important in the development of this resistance to quinine? A) biological magnification B) interspecific competition C) mutualism D) natural selection