Parents who spend a great deal of time and money trying to find the best school for their children believe in the importance of:
answer
nurture
question
In the science of human development, "nature" refers to:
answer
the genes that people inherit.
question
Most developmental psychologists believe that development is the result of:
answer
nature and nurture acting together.
question
What is epigenetics?
answer
the study of how the environment affects which genes are expressed
question
The term "SIDS" refers to the death of a seemingly healthy infant, usually between the ages of
and 6 months.
answer
2 months
question
Based on research about SIDS, caregivers are advised that babies should be:
answer
put to sleep on their backs.
question
The life-span perspective takes into account development from:
answer
conception to death.
question
When biological change is dramatic, such as when a larva becomes a mosquito, it is an example of:
answer
genetics.
question
Which example best illustrates a critical period?
answer
a fetus developing fingers and toes between 28 and 54 days in utero
question
Which example best illustrates a sensitive period?
answer
a child learning to speak a second language
question
???Between 1957 and 1961 many pregnant women took thalidomide to alleviate morning sickness; this drug disrupted a(n) ___period
answer
?????
a. sensitive
b. critical
c. early
d. late
question
A good example of a sensitive period is a time when:
answer
children learn language easily.
question
In Bronfenbrenner's ecological-systems approach, the _______refers to interaction among the systems.
answer
. mesosystem
question
What term did Bronfenbrenner use to describe the impact of the specific time in history on a person's
development?
answer
chronosystem
question
Dorothy was born during the Great Depression. Knowing this fact allows one to know about her:
answer
chornosystem
question
Bettie belongs to one cohort; Zahara belongs to another. The only DEFINITE difference between these two women is:
answer
generation
question
The people in which group are DEFINITELY members of the same cohort?
answer
current middle school students
question
Socioeconomic status refers to an individual's:
answer
. social class.
question
An individual's socioeconomic status includes his or her:
answer
education level.
question
A system of shared beliefs, conventions, norms, behaviors, expectations, and symbolic
representations is the definition of:
answer
culture.
question
?????. One historical example of the "different-equals-deficit error" is:
answer
?????
a. the pioneers viewing American Indians as savages.
b. European immigrants crossing the ocean to settle in America.
c. how people's IQ scores have been steadily rising for more than 100 years.
d. women taking factory jobs during World War II
question
???? The general term for a concept that is created by society is:
answer
????
culture.
question
????Which developmentalist was the first to describe the interaction between culture and education?
answer
????
a. Vygotsky
b. Piaget
c. Bronfenbrenner
d. Skinner
question
???According to the text, race is:
answer
???
a. part of the microsystem.
b. a social construction.
c. defined by heritage.
d. multidirectional.
question
???What is one danger in asking people to reveal their race?
answer
???
a. encouraging people to be too proud of their heritage
b. documenting disparities along racial lines
c. identifying which medical problems that are more likely to affect one race than another
d. stereotyping people unlike ourselves
question
???Which factor has NOT been linked to depression?
answer
???
a. low exposure to daylight
b. a life crisis
c. high levels of serotonin
d. poverty
question
???Plasticity refers to the:
answer
????
a. fact that many academic fields contribute data to the science of development.
b. universals and specifics of human development in many cultural settings.
c. vast array of contexts in which development occurs.
d. ability of human traits to be molded during development.
question
Differential sensitivity means that certain people have genes that:
answer
make it more likely that they may develop specific problems.
question
???A study of African-American 11-year-old males in Georgia (Brody et al., 2009) found that those with the short version of a gene called 5-HTTLPR were:
answer
???
a. not at risk of engaging in potentially destructive behaviors.
b. the least at risk of engaging in potentially destructive behaviors.
c. the most at risk of engaging in potentially destructive behaviors if they did not receive family training.
d. the least at risk of engaging in potentially destructive behaviors if they did not receive family training.
question
???A systematic statement of principles and generalizations that provides a framework for understanding how and why people change over time is a:
answer
a. hypothesis.
b. developmental theory.
c. conclusion.
d. stage.
question
. The foundation of psychoanalytic theory is:
answer
inner drives and motives.
question
Which is the correct order of the first three stages of Freud's psychoanalytic theory?
answer
oral, anal, phallic
question
Unlike Freud, Erikson:
answer
believed that adult problems reflect childhood conflicts.
question
Which psychoanalytic theorist identified stages of development from birth through late adulthood?
answer
Erikson
question
Behaviorists believe that psychologists should focus on:
answer
. inner drives and motives.
question
Pavlov's dogs salivated when they heard a specific sound that preceded the arrival of food; this is
answer
classical conditioning.
question
Skinner studied:
answer
operant conditioning.
question
Any consequence that follows a behavior and makes the behavior recur is called a
answer
reinforcements
question
. Social learning theory was first described by:
answer
Bandura.
question
Social learning is also called:
answer
modeling.
question
The foundation of cognitive theory is
answer
a person's ideas and beliefs.
question
Which of these was a cognitive theorist?
answer
Piaget
question
Which of these is the sequential order of Piaget's four stages of cognitive development?
According to Piaget, when new experiences are interpreted to fit into old ideas it is:
answer
. assimilation.
question
According to Piaget, when old ideas are restructured to include new experiences it is called:
answer
. accommodation.
question
???Which cognitive theorist emphasized the cultural context?
answer
????
a. Piaget
b. Vygotsky
c. Maslow
d. Darwin
question
. According to Maslow, self-actualization is:
answer
fulfilling one's potential.
question
According to evolutionary theory, why are so many people afraid of spiders?
answer
The fear is conditioned.
question
If a researcher watches one-week-old babies and records how many times they open and close their
eyes while lying in their cribs, he is most likely using:
answer
scientific observation.
question
Which statement about scientific observation is true?
answer
It involves recording behavior systematically and objectively.
question
???Experiments allow researchers to:
answer
???
a. study the natural environment.
b. study the complexity of an individual.
c. use the scientific method in a cost-effective way.
d. determine a cause-and-effect relationship.
question
???When a researcher wants to determine the cause of a particular behavior, the appropriate research
method to use is a(n):
answer
???
scientific observation.
question
What is a dependent variable?
answer
It is the measured variable that may change depending on manipulation of an independent variable.
question
What is an independent variable?
answer
It is the measured variable that may change depending upon manipulation of an independent variable
question
???What is the only research method that can establish a cause-and-effect relationship?
answer
???
an experiment
question
???An example of a dependent variable in an experiment might be:
answer
???
a. gender.
b. blood type.
c. eye color.
d. level of depression.
question
In an experiment, the group of participants who receive the imposed treatment or special condition is referred to as the ______group
answer
dependent
question
?To study whether vitamin D consumption slows the progress of multiple sclerosis, a researcher would most likely use:
answer
??the case-study method.
question
What is one of the biggest drawbacks to the survey method?
answer
lac of accuracy
question
Dr. Devalle is conducting interviews, collecting background information, and running a series of
tests on a single individual over several years. She is conducting a(n):
answer
experiment
question
What is NOT a problem with longitudinal research?
answer
participants becoming aware of the goals of the study and changing their behaviors or answers
question
??A researcher studies the relationship between two variables and determines the likelihood that a change in one variable is related to a change in the other variable. What type of research did this person conduct?
answer
??correlational
question
??A correlation does not indicate that one variable causes the other to occur; rather, it indicates that
there is a _______between the two variables.
answer
??relationship
question
A correlation is considered to be negative if:
answer
one variable increases while the other variable decreases.
question
. A correlation is considered to be zero if:
answer
change in one variable is unrelated to change in the other variable.
question
The more Hank eats, the less hungry he feels. The correlation that exists between his food intake
and his hunger is:
answer
negative
question
??Which of these numbers shows the weakest correlational relationship?
answer
??
0.05
question
??A study shows a weak negative correlation between maternal age and gestational diabetes. Which of these numbers is the correlation?
answer
??
-0.09
question
A study shows a strong positive ??correlation between maternal age and birth defects. Which of these
numbers is the correlation?
answer
??
.78
question
Which of these numbers shows the strongest correlational relationship?
answer
??
a. -0.98
b. 0.85
c. -0.40
d. 0.32
question
If a researcher finds a positive correlation between school grades and school attendance, one can
conclude that:
answer
high attendance and high grades occur together.
question
If a researcher finds that there is a correlation between secondhand smoke and children's asthma, he
knows for SURE that:
answer
. asthma and secondhand smoke have some relationship.
question
. Research data that can be categorized, ranked, or numbered is:
answer
quantitative
question
??Research data that is open-ended and not easily transcribed into numbers is:
answer
??
qualitative.
question
IRB stands for:
answer
Internal Review Board.
question
In seeking participants for research studies, researchers must explain the purposes and procedures of the study in advance, obtain written permission, and allow participants to end their participation at any time. This process is known as:
answer
informed consent.
question
When doing research with anyone under the age of 18, which of the following must be obtained?
answer
the parents' informed consent
question
researcher that would be considered unethical is:
answer
changing the data to support the hypothesis.
question
??The code of ethics requires that when studying children:
answer
??. the results must be shared with the parents.
question
. Researchers have an ethical obligation to choose topics of study that:
answer
are of major importance to society.
question
Which statement about the emotions that develop over the first two years of life is true?
answer
They are expressed in speedy and uncensored reactions.
question
What appears in an infant between 2 and 4 months of age?
answer
laughter
question
Which emotion develops in an infant at the latest age?
answer
pride
question
The emotion of anger usually appears at the age of:
answer
6 months.
question
Which emotion is apparent at birth?
answer
pain
question
Which behavior develops around six weeks of age?
answer
the social smile
question
At six weeks of age, baby Jessica's newest emotional reaction is MOST likely to be:
answer
a social smile.
question
An infant's anger is usually triggered by:
answer
frustration.
question
. Chang participated in a research study when he was an infant during which the researcher restrained his arms for two minutes. Which emotion did Chang likely experience?
answer
anger
question
Increased levels of cortisol are associated with an infant's:
answer
sadness
question
Usually, stranger wariness is first noticeable at______months.
answer
9
question
Pierce is a two-year-old boy who loves his "lellow-lee" (yellow blanket) and won't take a
nap without it. Pierce's yellow blanket would be considered a(n):
answer
transitional object.
question
When a baby acts upset because a caregiver is leaving, the baby is exhibiting:
answer
separation anxiety.
question
Which statement is correct?
answer
An 11-month-old girl may show anxiety when her mother goes into another room.
question
When baby Erica met her grandfather's big dog for the first time, she cried and tried to move away from the dog. Erica is most likely:
answer
9 months old.
question
An infant's distress at seeing an unfamiliar person is called:
answer
stranger wariness.
question
Four-month-old Tammi and thirteen-month-old Dawn are left with a babysitter. How will they react?
answer
Dawn will probably show more distress than Tammi
question
Which emotion seems to depend on the development of social awareness?
answer
pride
question
Which characteristics must be present before an infant can experience pride, shame, or guilt?
answer
social awareness
question
The new emotions that appear toward the end of a child's second year are:
answer
pride, shame, embarrassment, and guilt.
question
The emotions of shame, pride, and embarrassment require that a child first:
answer
gain an awareness of other people.
question
Which statement about emotional development in toddlers is true?
answer
Emotions like pride and humility are dependent on cultural values.
question
Rex is 3 months old. According to psychoanalyst Margaret Mahler, he views himself as:
answer
a part of his mother.
question
Researchers placed a dot of rouge on babies' noses and then had them look into a mirror. On
average, at what age did most babies touch their own noses when they saw their reflection?
answer
18 months
question
If we place a dot of rouge on a 20-month-old girl's nose and stand the child in front of a mirror, she may then touch her own nose. This proves that the child has some:
answer
self-awareness.
question
Which specific part of the brain is responsible for emotional self-regulation?
answer
the anterior cingulate gyrus
question
Emotional reactions, especially those connected to self-awareness, are partially dependent
upon:
answer
memory.
question
Tiffany is 8 months old. Her mother and father don't get along well. There is often fighting
in the house that frightens Tiffany. What effect might this environment have on her brain development?
answer
Her hypothalamus may grow more slowly than normal.
question
Research has found that a person's temperament is:
answer
linked to biological patterns that appear in infancy.
question
What is one of the four categories of temperament suggested by the New York Longitudinal
Study?
answer
. slow to warm up
question
Regina is easily disturbed, unhappy, and cries a lot. The New York Longitudinal Study
researchers would say that Regina's temperament is:
answer
difficult
question
According to the New York Longitudinal Study, by approximately 3 months of age infants exhibit enough behaviors that they can be classified as one of______temperamental categories
answer
four
question
Adam is playful, but sometimes moody; fussy but generally tolerant; and sometimes quiet, and other times boisterous. His temperament would be categorized as:
a. easy.
answer
hard to classify.
question
According to the New York Longitudinal Study, at what age can infants' temperaments first
be classified?
answer
3 months
question
What are the four categories of temperament suggested by the New York Longitudinal
Study?
answer
easy, difficult, slow to warm up, hard to classify
question
Which four-month-old girl's temperament is the MOST likely to change over time? [MODEL NEEDED]/????
answer
Michaela, who is inhibited and fearful
question
Which boy is MOST likely to be strongly affected by his mother's responsiveness? [MODEL NEEDED]/????
answer
a. Kim, who is anxious and difficult
question
The coordinated interaction between caregiver and infant is called:
answer
synchrony.
question
The crucial aspect of synchrony is:
answer
mutual interaction.
question
Jimmy's dad comes home from grocery shopping, sees Jimmy sitting on the sofa, and says, "Where's that boy of mine?" Jimmy gives his dad a smile that spreads across his entire face, and his dad responds with an exaggerated surprised look. This is an example of:
answer
synchrony.
question
Synchrony depends on:
answer
responsiveness and timing.
question
Victor and Rosa want to enhance their synchrony with their six-month-old daughter. They can best do this by:
answer
imitating her vocal and facial expressions.
question
In the research performed by Tronick & Weinberg, mothers were instructed to interact with their infants by copying their babies' facial expressions, and then on cue to show no emotional
reaction at all. This procedure is called the:
answer
still-face technique.
question
Mary is playing with her infant daughter Rosalie. Mary responds to Rosalie's facial
expressions by mimicking and exaggerating the same expressions. All of a sudden, Mary's face becomes blank and she does not show any emotion. How is Rose likely to respond?
answer
. Rose will probably frown, fuss, drool, or look away from her mother.
question
The lasting emotional bond that an infant forms with a caregiver is called:
answer
attachment
question
. Attachment in infants is definitely evident by the age of:
answer
6 months
question
. "Proximity-seeking" and "contact-maintaining" behaviors are displays of:
answer
attachment
question
. Based on research, attachment appears to be:
answer
universal around the world.
question
Which scenario portrays a secure attachment?
answer
a child being willing to explore a new environment in the presence of the caregiver
question
Baby Carrie's father is holding her. She is smiling at him one minute and then, unexpectedly, she slaps his face. Since this is typical behavior for her, she may have which type of attachment?
answer
disorganized
question
Jerome clings to his mother and refuses to leave her lap. Jerome is exhibiting ________attachment behavior.
answer
insecure-resistant/ambivalent
question
Nine-month-old Taran explores new environments when his mother is present but shows distress when his mother leaves the room. Taran's behavior illustrates a(n)________attachment
answer
secure
question
A sign of secure attachment is when a child:
answer
maintains contacting with the caregiver while exploring.
question
Which child shows a secure attachment?
answer
one who makes contact with the caregiver after the caregiver re-enters the room
question
Secure attachment makes a toddler:
answer
willing to explore.
question
Ruby does not notice when her mother leaves the day care center and ignores her mother
when she returns. Ruby's behavior is characteristic of __________attachment.
answer
insecure-avoidant
question
Which psychologist developed the Strange Situation test?
answer
Mary Ainsworth
question
The Strange Situation measures how a child:
answer
responds to separations and reunions with a caregiver.
question
In the Strange Situation, a sign of insecure attachment might be:
answer
crying and unable to be comforted when Mother returns.
question
In the Strange Situation, a sign of secure attachment is:
answer
smiling at Mother when she returns to the room.
question
Dr. Berkowitz is doing research using the Strange Situation in order to measure a child's
answer
attachment.
question
Harry's mother left him for a few minutes. When she returned, Harry climbed into her lap and then resumed playing. Harry is probably a(n)______attached child.
answer
securely
question
Recent research has indicated that once an infant has become securely attached to an adult:
answer
he or she is likely to be a securely attached child.
question
Josh is 15 months old. His parents are happy in their marriage and financially stable. Most
likely, Josh's attachment type will be:
answer
secure.
question
Based on the experience of the Romanian children who were institutionalized during the late twentieth century, what might be concluded about attachment?
answer
A person's attachment style starts to be set by about six months of age.
question
A baby searches the faces of her parents to see how to respond in unfamiliar situations. This is called:
answer
social referencing.
question
A parent and a toddler meet someone who makes the parent nervous. The toddler will
probably:
answer
act anxious
question
Abed is 12 months old, and his uncle Frank is visiting for the first time in 6 months. Frank is
delighted to see his nephew, so as he enters the room, he booms, "There's my little man!" Abed looks to his mother, who is smiling broadly at her brother Frank, and crawls to her to be picked up. Abed is demonstrating:
answer
. social referencing.
question
Rodney was raised on a farm in Utah and enjoys the taste of beef liver cooked with onions. Sarah was raised in New York City and would never think of eating beef liver, but she very much enjoys sushi. What explains their differences in food preference?
answer
. social referencing
question
Compared to mothers, fathers are more likely to make their infants:
answer
laugh
question
When playing with their children, mothers are more likely than fathers to:
answer
play peek-a-boo and patty cake.
question
Geoffrey enjoys spending time with his one-year-old son. Compared to his wife, Geoffrey's
interaction with their son is likely to be:
answer
more actively playful
question
When playing with their children, fathers are more likely than mothers to:
answer
engage in physical play.
question
One clear difference between father-infant and mother-infant interactions is that:
answer
babies laugh and smile more with their fathers.
question
Sigmund Freud was a(n):
answer
psychoanalytic theorist.
question
A child's typical activity during the oral stage is:
answer
sucking on a pacifier
question
According to psychoanalytic theory, the child's prime focus of pleasure in the first year of life
is the:
answer
mouth
question
Freud's stage that takes place in the second year is called:
answer
the anal stage
question
Freud claimed that during the anal stage
answer
infants find pleasure in stimulating and controlling the bowels.
question
How do people become "fixated" in a Freudian stage?
answer
Their normal developmental urges are frustrated.
question
A child fixated in the oral stage may become an adult who:
answer
eats too much.
question
Freud would attribute an adult's fingernail biting and overeating to problems during which
childhood developmental stage?
answer
oral
question
Annalise is an adult who requires predictability and regularity in all aspects of her life. She
eats the same breakfast every day, organizes her clothes by color in her closet, and gets distressed when the milk is put on the wrong shelf in the refrigerator. Annalise appears to be fixated at the
__________stage
answer
anal
question
In Erikson's theory, the infant's earliest task is described as that of:
answer
learning trust or mistrust.
question
The first crisis of life, according to Erikson, is:
answer
trust versus mistrust.
question
Erikson's second stage of development is called:
answer
. autonomy versus shame and doubt.
question
If a child successfully resolves Erikson's first stage, he or she can be expected to
answer
explore his or her world.
question
A toddler in Freud's anal stage would also be at Erikson's:
answer
autonomy versus shame and doubt stage
question
According to Erikson's theory, what holds true for most toddlers?
answer
They want to gain a sense of control over their own bodies.
question
Another term for self-rule is:
answer
autonomy.
question
According to Erikson, failure to develop autonomy over one's own actions is most closely
identified with:
answer
shame and doubt.
question
The autonomy versus shame and doubt crisis involves the child:
answer
asserting control over his or her own actions.
question
The Western value of independence is clearly exhibited in:
answer
Erikson's stage of autonomy versus shame and doubt.
question
Huan is 20 months old, and his mother is in a hurry. She wants to put his shoes on, but Huan rejects that by squirming and declaring, "No! Me!" It takes him five minutes, and his shoes end up on the wrong feet, but he proudly skips out to the car when he's done. Huan is in Erikson's______stage.
answer
autonomy versus shame and doubt
question
According to traditional behaviorism, personality is:
answer
. molded by one's parents.
question
Which theorist stated, "Failure to bring up a happy child, a well-adjusted child—assuming bodily health—falls squarely upon the parents' shoulders"?
answer
Watson
question
_________learning takes place by observing others.
answer
social
question
Developmentalists have found that social learning takes place:
answer
throughout life.
question
Margarita and Roberto are warm, nurturing parents who hold their baby often. They are exhibiting:
answer
proximal parenting.
question
When Caitlin falls and hurts herself, she cries and runs to her mother. Rather than comforting Caitlin, her mother offers her a toy to distract her. Her mother is probably a(n):
answer
distal parent.
question
Distal parenting tends to produce children who are:
answer
. self-aware.
question
In the study comparing children in rural Cameroon with children from urban Greece, which
children were observed spending the greatest time being held by their mothers?
answer
3-month-old Cameroonian children
question
Proximal parenting tends to produce children who are:
answer
compliant.
question
According to cognitive theory, infants use their early relationships to develop a set of
assumptions that become a frame of reference that may be used later in life. Such a set of assumptions is called a:
answer
working model.
question
One-year-old Claire lives in a loving, but noisy, family home with her parents and four siblings. She receives much positive attention and has a trusting relationship with her family.
According to Piaget, she will MOST likely develop:
answer
a cognitive schema that families are as loving and loud as her working model.
question
. A working model, according to cognitive theory:
answer
can be reorganized.
question
According to Maslow, infancy begins with which kind of needs?
answer
physiological
question
_________believes that caregivers also have needs that influence how they respond to infants.
answer
Humanism
question
Which hormone is associated with encouraging caregiving behaviors?
answer
oxytocin
question
. Allocare refers to:
answer
The care of children by people other than their biological parents.
question
When Birgitta gave birth, her mother moved in with the young family to help care for the
newborn. This sort of caregiving by someone other than the baby's parent is called:
answer
allocare.
question
Worldwide, only about 15 percent of infants receive daily care from:
answer
a paid, trained, nonrelative caregiver
question
In the United States, about 20 percent of infants are cared for_______throughout their first year of life.
answer
exclusively by their mothers
question
Center-based day care is common in countries like France, Israel, and China, where:
answer
it is heavily subsidized by the government.
question
Child care that occurs in the home of a nonrelative who usually cares for several children of
various ages is called:
answer
family day care
question
A type of care in which several paid, trained providers care for many children in a space designed especially for the purpose of day care is called:
answer
center day care.
question
Which is NOT an essential characteristic of high-quality day care?
answer
. a ratio of one adult to three infants.
question
Mothers who work full time outside the home play with their children _______mothers who stay at home paly with their children
answer
almost as much
question
stopped at T/F
answer
questions ...end
Haven't found what you need?
Search for quizzes and test answers now
Quizzes.studymoose.com uses cookies. By continuing you agree to our cookie policy
