Mastering Micro Ch 16

24 July 2022
4.7 (114 reviews)
54 test answers

Unlock all answers in this set

Unlock answers (50)
question
Mucous membranes are a part of a. cell-mediated immunity. b. innate defense. c. adaptive defense. d. humoral immunity. e. the complement system.
answer
innate defense.
question
According to the animation, B cells interact directly with a. phagocytes. b. helper T cells. c. the complement system. d. inflammation.
answer
helper T cells.
question
Which of the following defense systems would be involved in eliminating virally-infected cells? a. Complement system b. T lymphocytes c. Humoral immunity d. Phagocytosis
answer
T lymphocytes
question
According to the animation, antibodies interact with which innate defenses? a. Phagocytosis b. Inflammation c. Phagocytosis and the complement system d. Phagocytosis, inflammation, and the complement system e. First-line defenses f. The complement system
answer
Phagocytosis and the complement system
question
Which cells directly attack abnormal cells in the body? a. B cells b. Helper T cells c. Cytotoxic T cells d. Phagocytes
answer
Cytotoxic T cells
question
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an intracellular pathogen of humans. After being ingested by a macrophage, it prevents formation of the ___________ by preventing fusion of the phagosome with the ___________________. a. lysosome, phagolysosome b. opsonins, lysosome c. phagolysosome, lysosome d. lysosome, opsonins
answer
phagolysosome, lysosome
question
In which intracellular compartment would you expect most of the digestive enzymes involved in pathogen destruction to be found? a. phagosome b. macrophage c. phagocytosis d. lysosome
answer
d. lysosome
question
In macrophages and dendritic cells (so-called antigen-presenting cells) some small parts of the phagocytosed particle are presented to other cells of the immune system. If you were to draw an arrow leading to "antigen presentation" as described above, from which word would it extend? a. exocytosis b. digestion c. ingestion d. adherence
answer
b. digestion
question
If one is examining a blood smear from a patient with a parasitic worm infection, which of the following leukocytes would be found in increased numbers (as opposed to a blood smear from a normal patient NOT infected with worms)? a. lymphocytes b. basophils c. monocytes d. eosinophils
answer
eosinophils
question
Which of the complement pathways employs properdin? a. Classical pathway b. Alternative pathway c. Lectin pathway d. Alternative and lectin pathways all employ properdin. e. Classical, alternative, and lectin pathways all employ properdin. f. The classical and alternative pathways both require properdin.
answer
Alternative pathway
question
In the classical pathway, which of the following directly activates cellular responses? a. C3a and C5a b. C5bC6C7 c. C2aC4b d. C3a, C5a, and C5bC6C7 e. C4aC2bC3b f. C3b
answer
C3a, C5a, and C5bC6C7
question
Antibodies from cellular immune responses are used in a. the classical pathway. b. the alternative pathway. c. the lectin pathway. d. both the classical and alternative pathways.
answer
the classical pathway.
question
Which of the complement pathways was discovered first? a. The alternative pathway b. The classical pathway c. The lectin pathway
answer
The classical pathway
question
Which of the following are functions of lectins? a. They act as opsonins for phagocytosis, they attach to carbohydrates on some bacterial and viral surfaces, and they activate C2 and C4. b. They produce antibodies. c. They produce factor P (properdin). d. They attach to carbohydrates on some bacterial and viral surfaces. e. They act as opsonins for phagocytosis. f. They can activate C2 and C4.
answer
They act as opsonins for phagocytosis, they attach to carbohydrates on some bacterial and viral surfaces, and they activate C2 and C4.
question
How does cytolysis occur via the complement pathway? a. Disrupting cell wall of pathogens b. Stimulation of the inflammatory response c. Triggering the release of histamine d. Formation of the MAC in invading cells, killing them
answer
Formation of the MAC in invading cells, killing them
question
Which complement protein is used as an opsonin? a. C4a b. C2a c. C3a d. C3b e. C5b f. C7
answer
C3b
question
If a person lacked the ability to form C5, what direct result of complement could still occur? a. Chemotaxis b. Opsonization c. Cytolysis
answer
Opsonization
question
If a person could not form C2, which result of complement would be affected? a. Cytolysis b. Chemotaxis and inflammation c. Cytolysis, chemotaxis, inflammation, and opsonization d. Opsonization
answer
Cytolysis, chemotaxis, inflammation, and opsonization
question
What complement result involves the use of phagocytes? a. Cytolysis b. Chemotaxis and opsonization c. Chemotaxis d. Opsonization
answer
Chemotaxis and opsonization
question
Which of the following is an event that ultimately results in activation of complement C3 by splitting it into C3a and C3b? a. interaction of mannose-binding lectin with mannose molecules on a bacterium b. linkage of C2b with C4a c. binding of C2 to antigen-antibody complexes d. binding of factors B, D, and P to antibodies on bacteria
answer
interaction of mannose-binding lectin with mannose molecules on a bacterium
question
Which of the following are best described as short chains of amino acids that are very stable and can have a variety of different antimicrobial activities, such as forming pores in bacterial plasma membranes and inhibiting cell wall synthesis? a. antimicrobial peptides b. mannose-binding lectin c. siderophores d. antiviral proteins
answer
. antimicrobial peptides
question
________________ is/are always present in an individual's blood. However, in the absence of infection, it is in an inactive form. a. Cytokines b. Histamine c. Kinins d. Prostaglandins
answer
Kinins
question
You note that the body temperature of one of your patients is starting to increase. As a result, you can infer that all of the following may be occurring in this patient EXCEPT __________. a. shivering b. dilation of blood vessels c. increased metabolic rate d. constriction of blood vessels
answer
dilation of blood vessels
question
Which statement regarding the lymphatic system is true? a. The thymus serves as the site for activation of B cells. b. Lymph nodes are sites of activation of neutrophils, which destroy microbes. c. The pancreas contains lymphocytes and macrophages that monitor the blood for microbes. d. Lymphatic capillaries possess one-way valves. These valves permit the uptake of fluid from the body but do not allow the fluid to flow back out of the capillaries into the intracellular spaces.
answer
d. Lymphatic capillaries possess one-way valves. These valves permit the uptake of fluid from the body but do not allow the fluid to flow back out of the capillaries into the intracellular spaces.
question
A response that is uniquely directed against pathogenic Bordetella pertussis would involve what component? a. Skin barrier b. Antibodies c. Inflammation d. The complement system
answer
. Antibodies
question
First line defenses have what aspect in common with each other? a. They involve unique cells that attack invading pathogens. b. They are physical barriers against invading pathogens. c. They recognize specific pathogens. d. They involve the production of antibodies.
answer
They are physical barriers against invading pathogens
question
Both the innate and adaptive defenses of the immune system work to prevent a. disease. b. colonization by pathogens. c. penetration by invading pathogens. d. the penetration and colonization by pathogens, and the diseases they cause.
answer
the penetration and colonization by pathogens, and the diseases they cause.
question
If a new bacterial pathogen entered a human body through an accidental needle stick, the first cell that would try to kill the pathogen would likely be a. a cytotoxic T cell. b. an antibody-producing cell. c. a phagocyte.
answer
a phagocyte.
question
Which non-specific defense mechanism is mismatched with its associated body structure or body fluid? a. keratin and tightly packed cells skin b. cerumen and sebum ear c. lysozyme tears and saliva d. mucociliary escalator intestines e. very acidic pH stomach
answer
mucociliary escalator intestines
question
Lysozyme and the antibiotic penicillin have similar mechanisms of action in that they both cause damage to the bacterial a. cell membrane. b. cell wall. c. ribosomes. d. capsule. e. DNA.
answer
cell wall.
question
All of the following pertain to fever EXCEPT that it a. stimulates T lymphocyte activity. b. can be initiated by specific types of pathogens. c. intensifies the effect of antiviral interferons. d. is caused by interleukin-1 and TNF-alpha coming into contact with the hypothalamus. e. accelerates microbial growth by increasing iron absorption from the digestive tract.
answer
accelerates microbial growth by increasing iron absorption from the digestive tract.
question
All of the following are true regarding NK cells EXCEPT a. they have the ability to kill infected body cells and some tumor cells. b. they are found in tissues of the lymphatic system. c. they destroy infected body cells by phagocytosis. d. they are a type of lymphocyte. e. they release toxic substances that cause cell lysis or apoptosis
answer
they destroy infected body cells by phagocytosis.
question
Activation of C5-C9 results in a. lysis of microbial cells. b. fixation of complement. c. activation of C3. d.phagocytosis. e. inflammation.
answer
lysis of microbial cells.
question
What cellular macromolecules make up the complement pathway? a. Carbohydrates b. Lipids c. Nucleic acids d. Proteins
answer
Proteins
question
Where are the complement proteins found in the body? a. In every cell b. The spleen c. The blood serum d. The thymus e. The liver
answer
The blood serum
question
Which of the following statements about the classical pathway of complement activation is FALSE? a. The C1 protein complex is initiated by antigen-antibody complexes. b. C1 is the first protein activated in the classical pathway. c. Cleaved fragments of some of the proteins act to increase inflammation. d. C3b causes opsonization. e. C3 is not involved in the classical pathway.
answer
C3 is not involved in the classical pathway.
question
All of the following are components of the inflammatory process EXCEPT a. antibody synthesis. b. chemotaxis. c. dilation of blood vessels. d. diapedesis. e. release of histamines and prostaglandins.
answer
antibody synthesis.
question
The lectin pathway for complement action is initiated by a. gram-negative cell walls. b. mannose on the surface of microbes. c. mannose on host membranes. d. gram-positive cell walls. e. lectins of the microbe.
answer
mannose on the surface of microbes.
question
All of the following occur during inflammation. What is the first step? a. diapedesis b. phagocyte migration c. repair d. margination e. vasodilation
answer
vasodilation
question
Innate immunity includes all of the following EXCEPT a. inflammation. b. activation of complement. c. production of interferon. d. production of antibody. e. phagocytosis.
answer
production of antibody.
question
The classical pathway for complement activation is initiated by a. antigen-antibody reactions. b. factors released from damaged tissues. c. C5-C9. d. factors released from phagocytes. e. lipid-carbohydrate complexes and C3.
answer
antigen-antibody reactions.
question
The alternative pathway for complement activation is initiated by a. lipid-carbohydrate complexes and C3. b. antigen-antibody reactions. c. C5-C9. d. factors released from phagocytes. e. factors released from damaged tissues.
answer
lipid-carbohydrate complexes and C3.
question
All of the following are part of the mechanism of action of alpha and beta interferons EXCEPT a. they are effective for long periods. b. they disrupt stages of viral multiplication. c. they bind to the surface of uninfected cells. d. they initiate transcription. e. they initiate manufacture of antiviral proteins.
answer
they are effective for long periods.
question
All of the following are effects of histamine EXCEPT a. isolation of an injurious agent. b. destruction of an injurious agent. c. production of antibodies. d. removal of an injurious agent. e. repair of damaged tissue.
answer
production of antibodies.
question
Phagocytes utilize all of the following to optimize interaction with microorganisms EXCEPT a. complement. b. opsonization. c. trapping a bacterium against a rough surface. d. lysozyme. e. chemotaxis.
answer
lysozyme.
question
Each of the following provides protection from phagocytic digestion EXCEPT a. biofilms. b. capsules. c. M protein. d. formation of phagolysosomes. e. leukocidins.
answer
. formation of phagolysosomes.
question
Normal microbiota provide protection from infection in each of the following ways EXCEPT a. they produce antibacterial chemicals. b. they produce lysozyme. c. they compete with pathogens for nutrients. d. they make the chemical environment unsuitable for nonresident bacteria. e. they change the pH of the environment.
answer
they produce lysozyme.
question
Each of the following is an effect of complement activation EXCEPT a. increased blood vessel permeability. b. interference with viral replication. c. opsonization. d. increased phagocytic activity. e. bacterial cell lysis.
answer
interference with viral replication.
question
A child falls and suffers a deep cut on her leg. The cut went through her skin and she is bleeding. Which of the following defense mechanisms will participate in eliminating contaminating microbes? a. phagocytosis in the inflammatory response b. acidic skin secretions c. mucociliary escalator d. lysozyme e. normal skin flora
answer
phagocytosis in the inflammatory response
question
The function of the "ciliary escalator" is to a. propel inhaled dust and microorganisms toward the throat. b. remove microorganisms from the gastrointestinal tract. c. remove microorganisms from the upper respiratory tract. d. remove microorganisms from the lower respiratory tract. e. trap inhaled dust and microorganisms in mucous and propel it away from the lower respiratory tract.
answer
. trap inhaled dust and microorganisms in mucous and propel it away from the lower respiratory tract.
question
All of the following protect the skin and mucous membranes from infection EXCEPT a. the "ciliary escalator." b. tears. c. saliva. d. multiple layers of cells. e. HCl.
answer
HCl.
question
Innate immunity a. involves T cells and B cells. b. is nonspecific and present at birth. c. provides increased susceptibility to disease. d. involves a memory component. e. is slower than adaptive immunity in responding to pathogens.
answer
is nonspecific and present at birth.
question
Which of the following statements about beta interferon is true? a. It is a protein that specifically degrades viral RNA. b. It acts as a signal that induces uninfected cells to produce antiviral proteins. c. It induces neutrophils and macrophages to kill bacteria. d. It is produced only in response to infection with the hepatitis B virus.
answer
It acts as a signal that induces uninfected cells to produce antiviral proteins.
question
Which of the following statements about innate immunity is true? a. Innate immunity is present at birth. b. Innate immunity involves specific recognition of microorganisms via a memory response. c. The innate immune response does not have a mechanism for detecting invading microorganisms. It is activated only in response to tissue damage or a signal from an infected cell. d. It involves the activity of B and T cells.
answer
Innate immunity is present at birth.