APUSH Chpt 11 Vocab

A burst of American literature during the 1840s. The significance of this was that it marked a remarkable outpouring of first-class novels, poetry, and essays.

A 19th century intellectual movement that posited the importance of an ideal world of mystical knowledge and harmony beyond the world of the senses. The significance of this was that it called for the critical examination of society and emphasized individuality, self-reliance, and nonconformity.

Ralph Waldo Emerson was an American essayist, lecturer, and poet. His significance was that he led the Transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century.

Henry David Thoreau was an American author, poet, philosopher, abolitionist, naturalist, tax resister, development critic, surveyor, historian, and leading transcendentalist. His significance was his use of metaphors in his writing to advocate social nonconformity and civil disobedience against unjust laws.

Margaret Fuller, was an American journalist, critic, and women's rights advocate associated with the American transcendentalism movement. Her significance was her exploration of the possibilities of freedom for women through her writing.

Walter "Walt" Whitman was an American poet, essayist and journalist. A humanist, he was a part of the transition between transcendentalism and realism, incorporating both views in his works. His significance was emphasis of the individual but in context to the collective democracy assuming a sacred character in his writing.

The Shakers were the first successful American communal movement. The significance of this was the radical social thought and theology that defined the movement. They formed disciplined religious communities, where members embraced the common ownership of property; accepted strict oversight by church leaders; and pledged to abstain from alcohol, tobacco, politics, war, and repudiated sexual pleasure and marriage. They held that God was a "dual person, male and female" and prompted Shakers to repudiate male leadership, placing community governance in both male and female hands.

A theory of social and economic organization based on the common ownership or enjoyment of property and goods. The significance of this was that utopian socialists of the early 19th century envisioned small planned self-governing communities; later socialists campaigned for state ownership of railroads and large industries and an end to economic inequality.

Joseph Smith, Jr. was an American religious leader who founded the Latter Day Saint movement, the predominant branch of which is Mormonism. His significance was that he revived traditional social doctrines, including patriarchal authority within the family. He encouraged practices that led to individual success: frugality, hard work, and enterprise. But he also stressed communal discipline to safeguard the Mormon "New Jerusalem" from individualism and rival religious doctrines.

Nathaniel "Nat" Turner was an African American slave. His significance was that he led a slave rebellion in Virginia on August 21, 1831 that resulted in 60 white deaths. Whites responded with at least 200 black deaths. He gathered supporters in Southampton County, Virginia.

The Liberator was an abolitionist newspaper founded by William Lloyd Garrison in 1831. The significance of this was that it demanded the immediate abolition of slavery without compensation to slaveholders.

The Underground Railroad was a network of secret routes and safe houses used by 19th century black slaves in the United States to escape to free states and Canada with the aid of abolitionists and allies who were sympathetic to their cause. The significance of this was that about 1000 African Americans reached freedom in the North each year.

Term used by contemporaries and historians to describe the 19th century view that men and women have different gender-defined characteristics and, consequently, that the sexes inhabit--and should inhabit--different social worlds. The significance of this was that during this time men should dominate the public sphere of politics and economics, and women should manage the private sphere of home and family. This cultural understanding was both sharply defined and hotly contested.

Dorothea Lynde Dix was an American activist on behalf of the indigent insane. Her significance was that through a vigorous program of lobbying state legislatures and the United States Congress, created the first generation of American mental asylums.

Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life Among the Lowly, is an anti-slavery novel by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe. Published in 1852. The significance of this was that the novel helped lay the groundwork for the Civil War.

The Declaration of Sentiments, also known as the Declaration of Rights and Sentiments, is a document signed in 1848 by 68 women and 32 men—100 out of some 300 attendees at the first women's rights convention. The significance of this was that the Declaration helped pass the resolutions put forward, the document was the "grand movement for attaining the civil, social, political, and religious rights of women."

Sojourner Truth was the self-given name, from 1843 onward, of Isabella Baumfree, an African-American abolitionist and women's rights activist. Her significance was that she won fame as a forceful speaker for abolitionism and woman's rights.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton was an American social activist, abolitionist, and leading figure of the early women's rights movement. Her significance was that she questioned marriage relations, stating: "How can we endure our present marriage relations [which give a women] no charter of rights, no individuality of her own?"

Susan Brownell Anthony was a prominent American civil rights leader and feminist. Her significance was that she played a pivotal role in the 19th century women's rights movement to introduce women's suffrage into the United States.