APUSH Unit 5

Definition: A name for the late 1800s to describe the tremendous increase in wealth caused by the industrial age and the ostentatious lifestyles it allowed the very rich. Historical significance: The great industrial success of the U.S. and the lifestyles of the wealthy hid the many social problems of the time, including a high poverty rate, a high crime rate, and corruption in the government.

Definition: Economic panic caused by over-expansion and over-speculation Historical Significance: causing the nation's largest bank to collapse (and bringing with it many smaller banks, business firms and the stock market)

Definition: An American industrialist and philanthropist. Historical Significance: He was the founder of the Standard Oil Company, which dominated the oil industry and was the first great U.S. business trust. Rockefeller revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy. In 1870, he founded Standard Oil Company and aggressively ran it until he officially retired in 1897.

Definition: A form of monopoly that occurs when one person or company gains control of one aspect of an entire industry or manufacturing process Historical Significance: such as a monopoly on auto assembly lines or on coal mining

Definition: A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. Historical Significance: By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry.

Definition: It is when you combine into one organization all phases of manufacturing from mining to marketing. Historical significance: This makes supplies more reliable and improved efficiency. It controlled the quality of the product at all stages of production.

Definition: This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. Historical Significance: This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.

Definition: An influential banker and businessman who bought and reorganized companies. Historical significance: His US Steel company would buy Carnegie steel and become the largest business in the world in 1901

Definition: American inventor Historical significance: best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures.

Definition: American inventor and educator Historical Significance: his interest in electrical and mechanical devices to aid people with hearing impairments led to the development and patent of the telephone

Definition: The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies Historical Significance: particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.

Definition: Journalist who published a provocative book in 1879 that was an instant best seller. Historical Significance: It jolted readers to look more critically at the effects of laissez-faire economics. The book is called "Progress and Poverty" and proposes on putting a single tax on land as the solution to poverty.

Definition: He was remembered as one of the four "lost presidents" after the civil war. He was elected to the Ohio Senate in 1859 as a Republican. During the secession crisis, he advocated coercing the seceding states back into the Union. Historical Significance: As President, he strengthened Federal authority over the New York Customs House. Less than four months of taking office in 1881, he was assassinated. His assassination led to the Pendleton Civil Service Reform of 1883.

Definition: Appointed customs collector for the port of New York - corrupt and implemented a heavy spoils system. Historical Significance: He was chosen as Garfield's running mate. Garfield won but was shot, so Arthur became the 21st president.

Definition: 1883 law that created a Civil Service Commission Historical significance: stated that federal employees could not be required to contribute to campaign funds nor be fired for political reasons

Definition: A faction of the Republican party in the ends of the 1800s Historical Significance: Supported the political machine and patronage, conservatives who hated civil service reform.

Definition: Favored tariff reform and social reform, major issues from the Democratic and Republican parties. Historical Significance: They did not seem to be dedicated members of either party.

Definition: A group of renegade Republicans who supported 1884 Democratic presidential nominee Grover Cleveland instead of their party's nominee, James G. Blaine. Historical Significance: Republicans who did not play the patronage game were ridiculed for "sitting on the fence."

Definition: 22nd and 24th president, Democrat, Honest and hardworking, fought corruption, vetoed hundreds of wasteful bills Historical Significance: achieved the Interstate Commerce Commission and civil service reform, violent suppression of strikes

Definition: Republican; signed the McKinley Tariff and the Sherman Anti-Trust Act Historical Significance: more states admitted during his presidency than any other except Washington's

Definition: Reminded the voters of the sacrifices of the men killed in the civil War; they deserve to see their legacy in the South through the abolition of black codes and equality of all. Historical Significance: Said that all the people who died were a hero, so to respect they needed to pick up the Republican view.

Definition: First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison Historical Significance: was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

Definition: The court held that federal regulation under the commerce clause reaches only to commerce as distinct from production. Historical Significance: Such regulation can only reach to the actual movement and sale of goods across state lines

Definition: Under an agreement, stockholders in individual corporations transferred their stocks to a small group of trustees in exchange for shared in the trust itself. Historical Significance: Ones of the trust certificates often had no direct control over the decisions of the trustees; they simply received a share of the profits of the combination.

Definition: government may, then may not, regulate railroads

Definition: Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states Historical Significance: created to regulate railroad prices

Definition: Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system Historical Significance: revolutionizing transportation in the west

Definition: These grew near all the major mining sites. Historical Significance: Eventually, restaurants, hotels, and other places were built in order to accommodate the miners.

Definition: Cheap and inexpensive way to mark land and keep cattle enclosed. Historical Significance: Revolutionized land ownership in the American Plains and helped bring an end to the long drives.

Definition: Area where the last major battle (Battle of the Little Big Horn) between the Union and the native americans took place. Historical Significance: The Sioux Indians, led by Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull, massacred the U.S. 7th Cavalry led by General Custer. Also known as Custer's Last Stand.

Definition: American Indian medicine man, chief, and political leader of his tribe at the time of the Custer massacre during the Sioux War

Definition: Leader of Nez Perce. Historical Significance: Fled with his tribe to Canada instead of reservations. However, US troops came and fought and brought them back down to reservations

Definition: 1887 law which gave all Native American males 160 acres to farm Historical Significance: also set up schools to make Native American children more like other Americans

Definition: In 1890, after killing Sitting Bull, the 7th Cavalry rounded up Sioux at this place in South Dakota Historical Significance: 300 Natives were murdered and only a baby survived.

Definition: He was an American historian in the early 20th century. He is best known for The Significance of the Frontier in American History, where he stated that the spirit and success of the United States is directly tied to the country's westward expansion. Historical Significance: According to Turner, the forging of the unique and rugged American identity occurred at the juncture between the civilization of settlement and the savagery of wilderness.

Definition: Immigrants who came to the U.S. from 1890-1917. Historical Significance: Most from Southern and Eastern Europe .Faced more discrimination, and was hard for them to blend in.

Definition: A group of investigative reporters who pointed out the abuses of big business and the corruption of urban politics Historical Significance: included Frank Norris (The Octopus) Ida Tarbell (A history of the standard oil company) Lincoln Steffens (the shame of the cities) and Upton Sinclair (The Jungle)

Definition: A Danish immigrant, he became a reporter who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. Historical Significance: He wrote How The Other Half Lives in 1890.

Definition: Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate. Historical Significance: American workers felt threatened by the job competition.

Definition: Plessy was made to sit in the black train car because he was an octoroon (1/8 black). Historical Significance: Railroad company was on his side because they paid too much to maintain separate cars. Established "seperate but equal" clause

Definition: A party organization that recruits voter loyalty with tangible incentives and is characterized by a high degree of control over member activity.

Definition: A famous caricaturist and editorial cartoonist in the 19th century and is considered to be the father of American political cartooning. Historical Significance: His artwork was primarily based on political corruption. He helped people realize the corruption of some politicians

Definition: A leading muckraker and magazine editor Historical Significance: she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1904 work A History of Standard Oil.

Definition: A violent but ultimately unsuccessful interstate strike, which resulted in extensive property damage and many deaths. The first major interstate strike in us history. The panic of 1873 caused railroad lines to cut wages which caused workers to walk off the job and block the tracks- it eventually turned violent. Federal troops finally quelled the violence. Historical Significance: After workers turned violent the public began to blame them for the looting and violence and they lost all sympathy

Definition: one of the most important American labor organizations of the 19th century Historical Significance: demanding an end to child and convict labor, equal pay for women, a progressive income tax, and the cooperative employer-employee ownership of mines and factories, failed after Haymarket Riot

Definition: A political ideology based on strong support for economic and social equality. Historical Significance: Socialists traditionally envisioned a society in which major businesses were taken over by the government or by employee cooperatives.

Definition: Group of people that believed that government exploits people on behalf of the wealthier classes and wanted to destroy all governments/big businesses Historical Significance: They assassinated many leaders.

Definition: 100,000 workers rioted in Chicago. After the police fired into the crowd, the workers met and rallied in Haymarket Square to protest police brutality. Historical Significance: A bomb exploded, killing or injuring many of the police. The Chicago workers and the man who set the bomb were immigrants, so the incident promoted anti-immigrant feelings.

Definition: 1886; founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hours, working conditions Historical Significance: skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist and communist ideas, non-violent.

Definition: He was the creator of the American Federation of Labor. Historical Significance: He provided a stable and unified union for skilled workers.

Definition: in Chicago, Pullman cut wages but refused to lower rents in the "company town" Historical Significance: Eugene Debs had American Railway Union refuse to use Pullman cars, Debs thrown in jail after being sued, strike achieved nothing

Definition: strike for better working conditions, higher wages, shorter hours, and control over mechanization--lockout of Carnegie mill Historical Significance: involved Frick and hired Pinkerton security guards; broken by Berkman's attempted assasination of Frick

Definition: An antiliquor womens group founded by Frances E. Willard and allied with the Anti-Saloon league, the WCTU helped pass dry laws that controlled, restricted, or banned alcohol such as the 18th amendment. Historical Significance: Showed that fads of the time could easily sway americans into radical reform.

Definition: Became leader of the WCTU. Historical Significance: She worked to educate people about the evils of alcohol, urged laws banning the sale of liquor, worked to outlaw saloons as step towards strengthening democracy.

Definition: "Patrons of Husbandry" Historical Significance: organization for American farmers that encourages farm families to band together for their common economic and political well-being

Definition: A Farmers' organization founded in late 1870s Historical Significance: worked for lower railroad freight rates, lower interest rates, and a change in the governments tight money policy

Definition: Also Known as the People's Party Historical Significance: they demanded unlimited coinage of silver, a graduated income tax, direct election of senators, and immigration restrictions

Definition: Political agenda adopted by the populist party in 1892 at their Omaha, Nebraska convention. Historical Significance: Called for unlimited coinage of silver, government regulation of railroads and industry, graduated income tax, and a number of election reforms.

Definition: Republican William McKinley defeated Democrat William Jennings Bryan in 1896. Bryan was the nominee of the Democrats, the Populist Party, and the Silver Republicans. Historical Significance: Economic issues, including bimetallism, the gold standard, Free Silver, and the tariff, were crucial.

Definition: Democratic candidate for president in 1896 Historical Significance: banner of "free silver coinage" which won him support of the Populist Party.