Which joint allows a side-to-side movement called lateral excursion?
the glenohumeral joint
the hip joint
the temporomandibular joint
the tibiofemoral joint
answer
the temporomandibular joint
The temporomandibular joint allows a side-to-side movement called lateral excursion. This is used to grind food on the molars.
question
Which of the following is NOT a functional classification for joints?
synarthrosis
amphiarthrosis
cartilaginous
diarthrosis
answer
cartilaginous
Cartilaginous is a structural classification for joints.
question
Which of the following represents a structural classification for joints that are separated by a joint cavity?
fibrous
cartilaginous
diarthrosis
synovial
answer
synovial
Synovial is a structural classification for joints. Structural classification focuses on the material binding the bones together and whether a joint cavity is present.
question
Which of the following refers to a joint that is slightly movable?
diarthrosis
synovial
synarthrosis
amphiarthrosis
answer
amphiarthrosis
Amphiarthroses are slightly movable joints.
question
All three joints in the figure are classified as __________.
FIGURE 17
fibrous joints
synovial joints
cartilaginous joints
answer
fibrous joints
In all three joints, bones are directly connected by dense fibrous tissue to form a joint lacking a cavity.
question
Which of the following best describes all of the joints in this figure?
FIGURE 17
They are movable, but only within a small range.
They are freely movable.
They are immovable.
answer
They are immoveable.
These joints are all considered to be immovable during normal conditions.
question
Which of the following is true regarding the structure indicated by the arrow in Figure A?
FIGURE 17
It is classified as amphiarthrotic.
It is composed of hyaline cartilage.
It becomes ossified late in adult development.
It is formed by a synovial membrane.
answer
It becomes ossified late in adult development.
The dense connective tissue that originally forms sutures ossifies to form synostoses during middle age.
question
The arrows in B and C point to structures that can both be described as __________.
FIGURE 17
bones
ligaments
muscles
tendons
answer
ligaments
The band of fibrous tissue that connects two bones is generally referred to as a ligament. In the case of the gomphosis shown in C, the fibrous connection is specifically termed the periodontal ligament.
question
Which of the following is NOT an example of a fibrous joint?
a syndesmosis
a symphysis
a suture
a gomphosis
answer
a symphysis
A symphysis is a cartilaginous joint, not a fibrous joint.
question
Using the structural classification, what type of joint is a suture?
amphiarthrotic joint
fibrous joint
synarthrotic joint
cartilaginous joint
answer
fibrous joint
Sutures are fibrous, synarthrotic joints.
question
What element of intervertebral disc fibrocartilage gives it its ability to resist stretching?
articular cartilage
calcium
elastic fibers
collagen fibers
answer
collagen fibers
question
Which of these terms best categorizes the joints in the figure?
FIGURE 18
synovial joints
fibrous joints
cartilaginous joints
answer
cartilaginous joints
All of these joints are composed primarily of cartilage (hyaline and/or fibrocartilage).
question
What material is found in C and D that is not found in A and B?
FIGURE 18
fibrocartilage
dense irregular connective tissue
hyaline cartilage
elastic cartilage
answer
fibrocartilage
Fibrocartilage forms part of the articular materials on the bones shown in C and D, but it is not found in A and B
question
Which of the joints will eventually develop into a synostosis?
FIGURE 18
A
B
C
D
answer
A
Endochondral ossification of the growth plate leads to the eventual fusion of the epiphysis and diaphysis to form a synostosis.
question
Which of the following best describes the joint labeled B in the figure?
FIGURE 18
fibrous
diarthrotic
amphiarthrotic
synarthrotic
answer
synarthrotic
The cartilage joint formed between the first rib and the manubrium is immovable.
question
A joint held together by fibrocartilage would be classified as a __________ joint.
fibrous
cartilaginous
amphiarthrosis
synovial
answer
cartilaginous
Cartilaginous joints are held together by cartilage. Fibrocartilage holds together symphyses.
question
Which of the following are correctly paired?
suture; bones connected exclusively by ligaments
syndesmosis; bony edges interlock
gomphosis; articulating bones are separated by a fluid- containing cavity
synchondrosis; a plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones
answer
synchondrosis; a plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bone
A synchondrosis is a plate of hyaline cartilage that unites the bones. Epiphyseal plates are examples of synchondroses.
question
Which of the following terms describes the range of movement of the illustrated joint?
FIGURE 19
synovial
amphiarthrotic
synarthrotic
diarthrotic
answer
diarthrotic
Synovial joints are considered to be freely movable and are therefore described as diarthrotic.
question
Which of the following best describes the surface of the structure at D?
FIGURE 19
loose connective tissue
simple columnar epithelium
dense irregular connective tissue
hyaline cartilage
answer
loose connective tissue
This is a synovial membrane containing loose connective tissue that produces synovial fluid.
question
Structures C and D collectively form which of the following?
FIGURE 19
synovial membrane
articular capsule
bursae
ligament
answer
articular capsule
The synovial membrane and the fibrous layer that covers it collectively form the articular capsule.
question
Which structure in the figure is the primary area of degeneration in osteoarthritis?
FIGURE 19
A
B
C
D
answer
B
Overuse and normal aging can cause degeneration of the cartilage in joints, leading to osteoarthritis.
question
Which joint in the figure is capable of multiaxial movement?
FIGURE 20
A
B
D
E
answer
A
Ball-and-socket joints, as found in the shoulder and hip, are capable of multiaxial movement in all three planes.
question
What joint's actions may take place at the elbow from its current position?
FIGURE 20
circumduct and pronate
extension only
pronate only
flex and pronate
answer
flex and pronate
The elbow may flex or pronate from its current anatomical position.
question
Which joint moves only by a uniaxial movement around its own axis?
FIGURE 20
B
D
E
F
answer
B
The radioulnar joint is a pivot joint in which movement of the ulna is limited to rotation along its own long axis.
question
Which of the following is a hinge joint?
FIGURE 20
A
B
E
F
answer
F
Interphalangeal joints are hinge joints capable of uniaxial angular movement.
question
The thumb joint indicated by D mediates which of the following special movements?
FIGURE 20
inversion
opposition
dorsiflexion
elevation
answer
opposition
Opposition is the movement that allows the touching of the thumb to the tip of each finger.
question
Which of the following is NOT a distinguishing feature of a synovial joint?
hyaline cartilage connecting the two bones of the joint
a capsule that creates a space in the joint
ligaments connecting the two bones of the joint
synovial fluid
answer
hyaline cartilage connecting the two bones of the joint
Hyaline cartilage makes up the articular cartilage in a synovial joint, but this does not connect the two sides together.
question
The most important factor in joint stability is the depth of the articular surface.
True
False
answer
False
The deeper the articular surface, the more stable the joint, but it seems that the strength of the muscles that cross the joint is the most important factor.
question
Which of the following statements is correct?
If a joint can exhibit extension, abduction, and rotation, then it is triaxial.
A joint that exhibits adduction and extension is uniaxial.
If a joint can exhibit flexion, extension, and abduction, then it is triaxial.
If a joint can exhibit adduction and abduction, then it is biaxial.
answer
If a joint can exhibit extension, abduction, and rotation, then it is triaxial.
A joint that moves in these three directions is triaxial. The three directions in this example are extension/flexion, abduction/adduction, and rotation.
question
Which of the following is NOT a factor that contributes to joint stability?
the shape of the articulating surfaces
the amount of muscle tone applied to tendons that cross the joint
the number and positioning of reinforcing ligaments
the amount of synovial fluid in the joint cavity
answer
the amount of synovial fluid in the joint cavity
The amount of synovial fluid in the joint cavity is not a factor that contributes to joint stability. The major role of synovial fluid is to lubricate the joint surfaces of freely movable (synovial) joints.
question
Which of the following is one difference between bursae and tendon sheaths?
Bursae serve as cushioning fat pads between adjacent structures, while tendon sheaths reduce friction between adjacent structures.
Bursae are only found in synovial joints, while tendon sheaths are only found in fibrous joints.
Bursae are flattened fibrous sacs wedged between adjacent structures, while tendon sheaths are elongated fibrous sacs that wrap around tendons.
Bursae contain a thin film of synovial fluid, while tendon sheaths lack synovial fluid altogether.
answer
Bursae are flattened fibrous sacs wedged between adjacent structures, while tendon sheaths are elongated fibrous sacs that wrap around tendons.
Bursae are flattened fibrous sacs wedged between adjacent structures, while tendon sheaths are elongated fibrous sacs that wrap around tendons. Both bursae and tendon sheaths are associated with synovial joints, both reduce friction between adjacent structures, and both contain a thin film of synovial fluid.
question
Which of the following are correctly paired?
biaxial joint; permits movement in one plane and around one axis
multiaxial movement; movement in all three planes and around all three axes
uniaxial joint; permits only slipping or gliding movements
nonaxial movement; no movement
answer
multiaxial movement; movement in all three planes and around all three axes
Multiaxial joints, such as the shoulder and hip, permit movement in all three planes and around all three axes.
question
When you bring any of your fingers in contact with your thumb, this movement is called __________.
retraction
dorsiflexion
opposition
supination
flexion
answer
opposition
The saddle joint between metacarpal I of the thumb and the trapezium allows a movement called opposition--the action taken when you touch your thumb to the tips of the other fingers on the same hand. It is opposition that makes the human hand such a fine tool for grasping and manipulating objects.
question
Synovial joints are classified into six main categories based on __________.
type of synovial fluid
shape of articular surfaces
location
size
answer
shape of articular surfaces
Based on the shape of their articular surfaces, which in turn determines the movements allowed, synovial joints can be classified into six major categories: plane, hinge, pivot, condylar (or ellipsoid), saddle, and ball-and-socket joints.
question
Which of the following is a feature of synovial joints?
synarthosis
bone ends covered with hyaline cartilage
bone ends covered with fibrocartilage
an empty joint cavity
answer
bone ends covered with hyaline cartilage
Glassy-smooth hyaline cartilage covers the opposing bone surfaces as articular cartilage. These thin but spongy cushions absorb compression placed on the synovial joint and thereby keep the bone ends from being crushed.
question
What factor would account for a strong synovial joint?
small reinforcing ligaments
low muscle tone
the deepest articular surface
synovial fluid
answer
the deepest articular surface
The deepest articular surface would likely lead to a strong synovial joint.
question
Which type of movement does NOT occur at the shoulder joint?
extension
abduction
rotation
gliding
answer
gliding
Gliding occurs when two bones slide across one another, such as in the intercarpal joints.
question
Which movement decreases the angle between articulating bones?
extension
protraction
flexion
supination
answer
flexion
Flexion is a bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint and brings the articulating bones closer together.
question
Which type of movement is unique to the forearm?
opposition
extension
pronation
adduction
answer
pronation
Supination and pronation are unique to the forearm because of the arrangement of the radius and ulna. This allows rotation of our hand in space.
question
If a torn anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is not properly repaired, the consequences could include the inability to prevent ________.
medial rotation of an extended knee
lateral rotation of an extended knee
forward sliding of the tibia on the femur
forward sliding of the femur
answer
forward sliding of the tibia on the femur
The ACL extends from the anterior intercondylar notch of the femur to the anterior intercondylar eminence of the tibia. This ligament prevents the tibia from being pushed too far anterior relative to the femur.
question
To realign an anteriorly dislocated Temporomandibular joint (TMJ), a physician must push the mandible inferiorly and posteriorly in order to move the mandibular condyle past the temporal bone's ________.
mandibular fossa
articular tubercle
articular capsule
articular disc
answer
articular tubercle
A tubercle is a round nodule or bumpy outgrowth from the main body of a bone. This tubercle forms the anterior boundary of the mandibular fossa.
question
As one of four major knee ligaments, the anterior cruciate ligament, or ACL, is critical to knee stability. Patients with a slightly injured ACL may complain that their knee "wants to give-out from under them." Which of the following is a rehabilitation procedure that would most likely benefit this type of patient?
extensive bed rest
muscle strengthening exercises
knee replacement
arthroscopic surgery
answer
muscle strengthening exercises
question
Why it is easier for a fall or blow to cause a dislocated shoulder injury than for a comparable fall or blow to cause a dislocated hip injury?
shallower joint socket
lower center of gravity
relative joint location
less articular cartilage
answer
shallower joint socket
question
Which of the following is true about the shoulder joint?
The glenohumeral joint is more mobile, making it less stable.
The deepness of the glenoid strengthens the joint overall.
Many muscles cross the glenohumeral joint and limit the mobility of the joint.
Ligaments surround the glenohumeral joint on all sides and strengthen the joint.
answer
The glenohumeral joint is more mobile, making it less stable.
The shoulder joint has the best mobility of all the joints in the body. However, the adaptations that make it mobile sacrifice strength to provide the mobility.
question
Despite having an actual articulation with the humerus, the hinge-like action at the elbow is NOT dependent on the radius.
True
False
answer
True
The radius articulates with the humerus at the capitulum. However, the humeroulnar joint is responsible for the hinge-like flexion and extension at the elbow. The radius slides over the ulna, creating pronation and supination in the forearm.
question
Which of the following ligaments prevents the tibia from sliding forward in the knee joint?
anterior cruciate ligament
oblique popliteal ligament
tibial collateral ligament
arcuate popliteal ligament
answer
anterior cruciate ligament
The ACL prevents the tibia from sliding forward.
question
The main reason the hip joint is stable is because of the __________.
muscle tendons that cross the joint
bulky hip and thigh muscles surrounding the joint
deep socket of the joint and strong capsular ligaments
rotator cuff muscles
answer
dep socket of the joint and strong capsular ligaments
The main contributors to hip-joint stability are the deep socket of the joint and the strong capsular ligaments. Joints that have shallow sockets, such as the shoulder and jaw (temporomandibular) joints, are relatively unstable and more easily dislocated.
question
Which statement about the knee is INCORRECT?
Several ligaments cross the knee to stabilize the knee in several directions.
The deep cups created by the tibial condyles help to stabilize the joint.
The knee is vulnerable to lateral forces that can cause injury.
Several bursae secrete synovial fluid to lubricate the knee.
answer
The deep cups created by the tibial condyles help to stabilize the joint.
The tibial condyles are very shallow. The menisci actually help to deepen the socket and stabilize the knee.
question
Which joint has sacrificed stability to provide great freedom of movement?
knee
ankle
elbow
shoulder
answer
shoulder
In the shoulder joint, stability has been sacrificed to provide the most freely moving joint in the body. The articulating bones provide minimal joint stability because of the size and "fit" of the articulating surfaces. The major stabilizing forces are soft tissue, in particular the tendons of the rotator cuff muscles (via muscle tone).
question
Sprains indicate damage to what joint component?
bones
ligaments
muscles
tendons
answer
ligaments
In a sprain, the ligaments that reinforce a joint are stretched or torn.
question
Which of the following are correctly matched?
gout; inflammation of the tendons
bursitis; uric acid crystals in the joint
osteoarthritis; chronic degenerative joint disease
tendonitis; inflammation of the joint
answer
osteoarthritis; chronic degenerative joint disease
Osteoarthritis is a common, chronic degenerative joint disease often called "wear-and-tear arthritis."
question
Which inflammatory joint disease is caused by the bites of ticks that live on mice and deer?
bursitis
rheumatoid arthritis
gouty arthritis
Lyme disease
answer
Lyme disease
Lyme disease is an inflammatory disease caused by the spirochete bacteria transmitted by the bites of ticks that live on mice and deer. It often results in joint pain and arthritis.
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