No person in the US shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participating in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance
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The "Road" to Title IX
answer
1870
Utah women are first to vote in a statewide election
1892
Senda Berenson brings basketball to Smith College women one year after Naismith invited the game in Springfield, MA
1899
NAGWS is formed as the WBC - Women's Basketball Committee
1900
First women participate in Paris Olympics (golf, tennis, archery)
1906
NCAA
1920
First commercial radio broadcast
19th amendment to U.S. constitution is ratified
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The "Road" Continued
answer
1954
Brown vs. Board of Education
1964
Civil Rights Act is signed into law
1971
AIAW (Association of Intercollegiate Athletics for Women)
1972
Title IX is enacted into law
1978
Mandatory compliance date for Title IX
1984
First (official) Olympic marathon for women
1992
Franklin v. Gwinnett
People can now sue for punitive and compensatory damages in Title IX lawsuits
2003
Clarification letter reaffirms Title IX's jurisdiction
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Linda Carpenter & Vivian Acosta
answer
TWO OF THE MOST PROLIFIC WRITERS ABOUT AND ADVOCATES FOR TITLE IX.
MANY PEOPLE WHO STUDY TITLE IX IN THE CONTEXT OF INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS LOOK TO THESE TWO WOMEN FOR INFORMATION AND GUIDANCE
THEY WERE SOME OF THE FIRST PEOPLE TO ACTUALLY FILE LAWSUITS AGAINST THEIR COLLEGE IN AN EFFORT TO ACHIEVE GENDER EQUITY
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Title IX in the US
answer
Supported dramatic changes in the sport participation opportunities available to girls & women since 1972
Demonstrated that when laws challenge the ideas and lifestyles of people with power, the legitimacy and enforcement of those laws will be questioned
Evoked continuous resistance since it became law
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Leadership/Coaches
answer
Prior to Title IX
90% of women's teams had female coaches
Steady decline of women in leadership roles
Coaching
Administration
2008
42.8% women's teams have female coaches
57.2% have male coaches
2-3% of male teams have female coaches
1972 = > 90% of athletic directors were females
2008 = 21.3% - highest percent since 1980
There are still 11.6% of athletic programs that have no female athletic administrators
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Gender Ideology
answer
Assumes two mutually exclusive categories: heterosexual male and heterosexual female
Presents these categories in terms of difference, and as "opposites"
Leaves no space for those who do not fit into either of the two categories
Involves inequities when it comes to power and access to power
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