Physiology Ch 19 Kidney

Functions of the kidneys include all but one of the following. Identify the exception: -regulation of blood protein levels -regulation of extracellular fluid volume -maintenance of ion balance in body fluids -homeostatic regulation of blood pH -regulation of blood osmolarity

Ions directly regulated by the kidney include all EXCEPT which of the following? a. Ca2+ b. HCO3- c. K+ d. Na+ e. OH-

The characteristic yellow color of urine is attributed to the presence of: a. bile. b. urea. c. urobilinogen. d. uric acid. e. renin.

Urine is produced by the ANSWER: urinary bladder. urethra. kidney. ureter. gallbladder.

The functional unit of the kidney is the ________. ANSWER: juxtaglomerular apparatus loop of Henle renal corpuscle nephron

Put the following in order from where urine is produced to where it exits the body: 1..Urethra 2. Urinary bladder 3. Nephron 4. Ureter 2, 3, 4, 1 3, 4, 2, 1 1, 2, 3, 4 4, 2, 1, 3

Blood leaves the glomerulus via which vessel? ANSWER: efferent arteriole afferent arteriole vasa recta peritubular capillaries

Approximately what percent of the total filtered volume is excreted as urine each day? ANSWER: 30% 100% 10% less than 1%

What part of the nephron is responsible for the greatest possible increase in urine concentration? ANSWER: Bowman's capsule collecting duct loop of Henle proximal convoluted tubule

Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by ANSWER: the urethra. blood vessels. lymphatics. the ureters. All of the answers are corre

Technically, the kidneys are located ANSWER: behind the peritoneal membrane. in the pelvic cavity. in the thoracic cavity. in the abdominal cavity. behind the pleural membranes.

Blood flow through the kidney includes a feature seen in only a few organs. What is it? ANSWER: arterial shunts veins containing highly oxygenated blood anastomoses vascular sinuses portal system

Which structure is NOT part of the blood circulation through the kidney? ANSWER: loop of Henle renal corpuscle vasa recta glomerulus

The portion of the nephron closest to the renal corpuscle is the ANSWER: collecting duct. proximal tubule. distal tubule. minor calyx. loop of Henle.

The portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct is the ANSWER: proximal tubule. loop of Henle. collecting duct. minor calyx. distal tubule.

The hairpin-shaped segment of the nephron is the ANSWER: vasa recta. distal tubule. loop of Henle. proximal tubule. minor calyx.

The segment of the nephron between the proximal and distal tubules that loops down into the medulla of the kidney and returns back to the cortex is called the ________. ANSWER: minor calyx Bowman's capsule collecting duct loop of Henle vasa recta

The ________ branch off the ________ and supply blood to the kidneys. ANSWER: afferent arteries, abdominal aorta renal arteries, inferior vena cava arcuate arteries, inferior vena cava renal arteries, abdominal aorta

The ________ carries blood from the kidneys back to the ________. ANSWER: renal vein, inferior vena cava efferent arteriole, abdominal aorta vasa recta, renal artery arcuate vein, inferior vena cava

Eighty percent of the nephrons in a kidney are contained within the ________, but the other 20%, called the ________ nephrons, dip down into the ________. ANSWER: medulla, cortical, cortex renal pelvis, juxtamedullary, vasa recta cortex, juxtamedullary, medulla vasa recta, cortical, cortex

Damage to the renal medulla would interfere first with the functioning of the ANSWER: collecting ducts. Bowman's capsule. proximal tubule. distal tubule. glomerulus.

An obstruction in a glomerulus would affect the flow of blood into the ANSWER: efferent arteriole. afferent arteriole. renal vein. renal artery.

Which statement is NOT true? ANSWER: a Women are more likely to develop urinary tract infections than men. b The urinary bladder is filled by two ducts, called ureters, and emptied by the single urethra. c The kidneys do not reabsorb filtered waste products. d The blood supply to the kidneys comes through the renal arteries. e As much as one fourth of the cardiac output may flow to the kidneys at any given moment.

Which of the following kidney processes is always active and always requires energy to occur? ANSWER: secretion reabsorption filtration excretion

A glomerulus is ANSWER: -the portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct. -the portion of the nephron closest to the renal corpuscle -the hairpin-shaped segment of the nephron. -the expanded end of a nephron. -a "knot" of capillaries that lies within the Bowman's capsule.

Contents in the peritubular capillaries are actively transported into proximal and distal convoluted tubules in a process known as: ANSWER: excretion filtration reabsorption secretion

Match each step in urine formation to its description. A. excretion B. filtration C. reabsorption D. secretion movement from the nephron lumen to the external environment

Match each step in urine formation to its description. A. excretion B. filtration C. reabsorption D. secretion movement from the nephron lumen to the blood

Match each step in urine formation to its description. A. excretion B. filtration C. reabsorption D. secretion movement from the glomerulus to the nephron lumen

Match each step in urine formation to its description. A. excretion B. filtration C. reabsorption D. secretion movement from the peritubular capillaries to the nephron lumen

The ________ are the long peritubular capillaries that dip into the medulla. ANSWER: vasa recta renal pyramids Bowmans capsules glomerulus

The nephron begins with a hollow, ball-like structure called ANSWER: Bowmans capsule. macula densa. vasa recta. glomerulus.

Place the following blood vessels that carry blood to and within the kidney in the order in which blood passes through them. 1. afferent arteriole 2. efferent arteriole 3. glomerulus 4. peritubular capillary ANSWER: 1, 2, 3, 4 4, 3, 2, 1 3, 4, 2, 1 4, 2, 3, 1 1, 3, 2, 4

The Bowman's capsule and glomerulus make up the ANSWER: renal corpuscle. renal papilla. loop of Henle. collecting system. renal pyramid.

The process of filtration in the kidney is most accurately described as ANSWER: relatively nonspecific. completely nonspecific. highly specific.

All of the following will normally be found in the filtrate EXCEPT ANSWER: urobilinogen glucose potassium erythrocytes

Cysts on the kidney can press upon nephrons, raising the pressure inside the nephrons. How will this affect glomerular filtration rate and blood pressure? ANSWER: GFR increases and blood pressure decreases GFR increases and blood pressure increases GFR decreases and blood pressure increases GFR decreases and blood pressure decreases

The amount of plasma that filters into the nephrons is approximately ________ of the total volume. ANSWER: 4/5 3/4 90% 1/2 1/5

In normal kidneys, blood cells and plasma proteins are ANSWER: secreted then reabsorbed. filtered and secreted. filtered then reabsorbed. not filtered.

Which is NOT a kidney filtration barrier? ANSWER: glomerular capillary endothelium juxtaglomerular apparatus Bowman's capsule epithelium basal lamina

The force for glomerular filtration is the ANSWER: -osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries. -fluid pressure produced by the displacement of the fluid in the lumen of the tubules. -blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries. -ATP-dependent processes in the nephron. -None of the answers are correct.

Which of the following statements about autoregulation is TRUE? ANSWER: -Myogenic response is a paracrine signaling mechanism. -In tubuloglomerular feedback, stretch-sensitive ion channels open, resulting in depolarization of smooth muscle cells. -In myogenic response, the macula densa cells send a paracrine message to the neighboring afferent arteriole. -Myogenic response is the intrinsic ability of vascular smooth muscle to respond to pressure changes.

The amount of filtrate entering the proximal tubules of the kidneys each minute is the ________ rate. ANSWER: glomerular filtration excretion clearance collecting

The percentage of total plasma volume that filters is called the ANSWER: glomerular filtration rate. excretion rate. filtration fraction. clearance rate.

When fluid flow through the distal tubule increases as a result of increased GFR, the macula densa cells send a chemical message to the neighboring afferent arteriole. The afferent arteriole constricts, increasing resistance and decreasing GFR. This type of autoregulation involving both the kidney tubule and the arteriole is known as ________ feedback. ANSWER: tubuloglomerular positive neuroendocrine autonomic

The ________ cells lie between and around the glomerular capillaries. ANSWER: mesangial granular juxtaglomerular macula densa

The specialized cells found in the capsule epithelium are called ________. These cells have long cytoplasmic extensions called ________. ANSWER: juxtaglomerular cells, loops of Henle mesangial cells, cilia podocytes, foot processes granular cells, flagella

Neural control of GFR is mediated by ________ that innervate ________ receptors on vascular smooth muscle causing ________. ANSWER: sympathetic neurons, alpha, vasoconstriction somatic neurons, nicotinic, vasodilation parasympathetic neurons, alpha, vasodilation parasympathetic neurons, beta, vasoconstriction

If blood flow through the afferent arterioles increases, ANSWER: -the stretch triggers further relaxation of the arteriolar wall, lessening blood pressure. -stretch reflexes trigger vasoconstriction to reduce the flow. -the smooth muscle in the vessel walls stretches to accommodate the increased flow and the stretch triggers further relaxation of the arteriolar wall, lessening blood pressure. -the smooth muscle in the vessel walls stretches to accommodate the increased flow.

Measurements in a nephron reveal a glomerular hydraulic pressure of 69 mm Hg, and a fluid pressure in the Bowman's capsule of 15 mm Hg. Assuming that the plasma osmotic pressure is 30 mm Hg, and that essentially no plasma proteins are filtered by the glomerulus, what is the net glomerular filtration pressure in this case? ANSWER: 114 mm Hg -6 mm Hg 54 mm Hg 84 mm Hg 24 mm Hg

The primary function of the proximal tubule is ANSWER: -secretion of acids and ammonia. -reabsorption of ions, organic molecules, and water. -adjusting the urine volume. -filtration. -secretion of drugs.

Glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed by ANSWER: symport with sodium. cotransport. countertransport. diffusion.

Match each substance with its primary mode of transport across the kidney epithelium. A. transcytosis B. active transport C. symport with a cation D. passive reabsorption/diffusion sodium

Match each substance with its primary mode of transport across the kidney epithelium. A. transcytosis B. active transport C. symport with a cation D. passive reabsorption/diffusion glucose

Match each substance with its primary mode of transport across the kidney epithelium. A. transcytosis B. active transport C. symport with a cation D. passive reabsorption/diffusion urea

Match each substance with its primary mode of transport across the kidney epithelium. A. transcytosis B. active transport C. symport with a cation D. passive reabsorption/diffusion small plasma proteins

The plasma concentration at which all of the renal carriers for a given substance are saturated is the renal ANSWER: handling. threshold. ceiling. permissiveness.

The excretion of glucose in the urine is called ANSWER: hypoglycemia. micturation. glucosuria. glucose secretion.

When the plasma concentration of a substance exceeds its renal concentration, more of the substance will be ANSWER: excreted. secreted. reabsorbed. filtered. None of the answers are correct.

Urea is ANSWER: -actively reabsorbed in the proximal tubule. -actively secreted in the distal tubule. -actively transported into the filtrate by the cells of the collecting duct. -completely eliminated in the urine. -passively reabsorbed in the proximal tubule.

In the lumen of the proximal tubule, Na+ concentration ________ the Na+ concentration inside the cells of the tubule wall. ANSWER: is much higher than is slightly lower than is slightly higher than is much lower than is about the same as

The typical pattern for molecules absorbed by Na+-dependent transport involves this: an apical ________ and a basolateral ________. ANSWER: symport protein, osmotic gradient osmotic gradient, symport protein facilitated diffusion carrier, osmotic gradient symport protein, facilitated diffusion carrier facilitated diffusion carrier, symport protein

One substance has no membrane transporters to move it but can diffuse freely through open leak channels if there is a concentration gradient. Initially, this substance's concentrations in the filtrate and extracellular fluid are equal. Later, however, the active transport of Na+ and other solutes creates a gradient by removing water from the lumen of the tubule where it is located. What substance is this? ANSWER: glucose, calcium, and urea glucose and calcium glucose calcium urea

After it is formed, urine is temporarily stored in the ANSWER: urinary bladder. ureter. renal pelvis. nephron.

Urine is carried to the external environment by the ANSWER: glomerulus. collecting duct. ureter. urethra.