The Cell

What modifications made to mRNA function to prevent its degradation in the cytoplasm by exonucleases?

Which of the following is NOT a monosaccharide?

The strand of DNA that gets transcribed to mRNA is called the

Which of the following is NOT a function of the cytoskeleton? A) suspension of organelles B) cellular movement C) contraction D) mechanical support E) cellular catabolism

What causes DNA to uncoil during transcription?

Which cytoskeletal proteins provide the structural support for microvilli?

What is the base sequence of the tRNA molecule that recognizes the complementary mRNA molecule?

During translation, ________ is synthesized in the ________.

What is the outcome of having only the head of the sperm entering the oocyte?

What strand of mRNA would be transcribed from the following strand of DNA: 5'AATG?

The most common elements found in biomolecules are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and

During what phase of the cell cycle does cellular replication of DNA occur?

What two types of molecules make up ribosomes?

Lipophobic molecules that are to be released by cells are stored in membrane-bound structures called

What enzyme catalyzes the reaction whereby nucleotides are added to the polynucleotide chain during replication?

Myosin is composed of what type of molecule?

Through what structure in the nucleus can mRNA pass through to get into the cytosol?

The bulk of ATP production is performed where?

________ act(s) as the precursor to steroid molecules, many of which function as hormones.

What interaction between complementary bases holds the two strands of a DNA molecule together?

Detoxifying enzymes may be localized in what organelle?

The presence of ________ in the plasma membrane can inhibit crystallization.

What is the site where steroids are stored in the cell?

Which of the following descriptions of the function of the organelle is FALSE? A) Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondria. B) Calcium is stored in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. C) Breakdown of phagocytosed bacteria occurs in the peroxisomes. D) Packaging of secretory products into vesicles occurs in the Golgi apparatus. E) Peptide hormone synthesis occurs in the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Ketoacids (a carboxylic acid group attached to a ketone) are often produced during fasting and uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. What potential outcome of this would be of greatest concern?

________ are molecules composed of a glycerol and three fatty acids.

When proteins are synthesized by ribosomes on the rough endoplasmic reticulum, where does the translation begin?

Ubiquitin tags proteins for what purpose?

The ________ is the site of ribosomal RNA production.

Which of the following correctly describes glycogen? It contains the genetic information found in cells. It is an important storage polysaccharide found in animal tissues. It serves as a structural component of human cells. It helps to protect vital organs from damage. It forms the regulatory molecules known as enzymes.

Lipids synthesis is performed where?

Which of the following packages proteins into transport vesicles?

Which of the following does NOT describe a part of post-transcriptional processing? A) removal of the introns from the strand B) addition of a poly A tail at the 3' end C) capping of the 5' end D) formation of bonds between a phosphate group and a sugar E) splicing of nucleic acid fragments

Keratin is an example of which type of cytoskeletal protein?

What are the three components of a nucleotide?

Which of the following organelles contains its own DNA?

Which of the following characteristics concerning ribosomes is FALSE? A) can be located in the Golgi apparatus B) are the site of protein synthesis C) contain ribosomal RNA D) contain protein E) can remain free in the cytosol

Which cellular protein is found in gap junctions?

The promoter sequence of the gene is recognized by ________, which initiates transcription.

What level of structure is caused when the hydrogen bonds between the amino hydrogen of one amino acid and the carboxyl oxygen of another amino acid is formed?

Aspirin and ibuprofen both block the enzyme cyclooxygenase from changing arachidonic acid, found in the phospholipid bilayer, into what?

What organelle packages and directs proteins to their proper destination?

Where does RNA polymerase bind to initiate transcription?

Which cellular protein is found in desmosomes?

What junctions are found in epithelial tissue where they prevent paracellular movement of molecules?

Which of the following is NOT an integral membrane protein? A) actin B) occludins C) channels for ion diffusion across membranes D) carrier proteins for mediated transport E) connexons

Continuous with the outer portion of the nuclear pore, what membrane-bound structure functions in the synthesis of secretory proteins, integral membrane proteins, or proteins bound for other organelles?

Which of the following molecule types is NOT a polymer? DNA RNA Fatty Acid Glycogen Protein

Which of the following is NOT a property of smooth endoplasmic reticulum? A) stores steroid hormones B) steroid hormone synthesis C) stores calcium D) In liver cells, it contains detoxifying enzymes. E) forms transport vesicles to move proteins to the Golgi apparatus

What type of integral membrane protein spans the membrane, thereby allowing part of it to face the cytosol and another part to face the extracellular fluid?

The process whereby a complementary mRNA is produced from a DNA template is called

During what phase of the cell cycle does rapid protein synthesis occur as the cell grows to double its size?

An anticodon is

What are masses of glycogen in the cytosol of some cells called?

During what phase of cell division do chromosomes align along the midline?

Which of the following statements concerning hydrogen bonds is FALSE? A) They can occur within a single molecule. B) They are strong attractive forces between hydrogen atoms and negatively charged atoms. C) They are responsible for many of the unique properties of water. D) They can form between neighboring molecules. E) They are important forces for tertiary structure of proteins.

What is the proper order of the five phases of mitosis?

Which of the following descriptions of a polymer is FALSE? A) DNA is a polymer of nucleotides. B) Starch is a polymer of glucose. C) ATP is a polymer of phosphates. D) Glycogen is a polymer of glucose. E) A protein is a polymer of amino acids.

Which of the following molecules is a disaccharide? Lactose Glycogen Fructose Galactose Glucose

What happens at the P site of a ribosome?

Which of the following molecules will dissolve readily in water? A) C6H14 B) fatty acid C) cholesterol D) triglyceride E) NaCl

The amphipathic property of phospholipids can be described as a

In tay-sachs disease, which organelle contains the impaired enzyme? A)mitochondria B)centriole C)lysosome D)Golgi apparatus E)rough endoplasmic reticulum

What is a glycerol with 3 fatty acids attached?

An acid is a molecule that acts as a(n)

What is the correct level of structure for proteins containing more than one polypeptide chain?

What is the portion of DNA that codes for a particular protein?

Within the nucleus, chromosomes are coiled around which proteins?

Which of the following filaments is found in cilia and flagella? A) microfilaments only B) intermediate filaments only C) microtubules only D) microfilaments and microtubules E) microfilaments and intermediate filaments

The initiator codon, that originates translation, codes for the amino acid_____

During what phase of the cell cycle is the cell carrying out its normal activity and NOT involved directly in cell division?

During transcription....

Where is the leader sequence of preproinsulin removed?

Which of the following statements about the genetic code is TRUE? A) A single codon may code for more than one amino acid. B) The tRNA anticodon is complementary to the mRNA codon, and therefore is identical to the gene's DNA triplet. C) A single gene contains only those nucleotides that code for a single protein. D) The promoter sequence is found on the antisense strand of DNA. E) Termination codons do not code for amino acids.

________ are membrane-bound organelles containing enzymes that degrade cellular and extracellular debris.

Intercellular communication can occur through the binding of a chemical released from one cell to a specific ________ on another cell

________ are membrane-bound organelles that contain enzymes like catalase, which catalyzes the breakdown of H2O2 to H2O and O2.

The enzyme catalase is located where?

Hydrogen bonding between the amino hydrogen of one amino acid and the carboxyl oxygen of another is responsible for which of the following A) holding the two strands of DNA together by the law of complementary base pairing B) twisting the DNA into a helical structure C) primary protein structure D) secondary protein structure E) tertiary protein structure

________ is a polysaccharide found in animal cells, whereas ________ is a polysaccharide found in plants that can be degraded by humans.

What links sister chromatids together?

Which of the following is NOT a possible destination for proteins that are completely synthesized on ribosomes free in the cytosol? A) secreted from the cell B) peroxisome C) mitochondrion D) remains in cytosol E) nucleus

What is not a base in RNA?

What is the level of structure that corresponds to the sequence and number of amino acids in the polypeptide chain?

The presence of ________ chemical groups makes carbohydrates ________.

Based upon a sequence of 15 nucleotides in a strand of DNA, what is the maximum amount of amino acids produced?

Hydrolytic reactions are when: A) water is removed from the cell. B) the bond between two molecules is broken through the splitting of a water molecule, thereby creating two new bonds with the H and OH of that water in its place. C) two molecules are joined together by adding a water molecule. D) two molecules are joined together, resulting in the removal of a water molecule. E) the bond between two molecules is broken, resulting in the removal of a water molecule.

The ________ structure of a protein is formed between residual (R) groups of the amino acid backbone by a number of different chemical interactions, dependent upon the nature of the residual groups interacting.

According to the law of complementary base pairing, which of the following would be expected in any strand of DNA?

Of the five bases found in nucleic acids, which are purines and which are pyrimidines?

Which of the following packages proteins into secretory vesicles?

Each amino acid differs from others only by:

What is the correct order for the following list of steps for initiating translation? 1.Binding of initiator tRNA to mRNA 2.Binding of large ribosomal subunit to mRNA 3.Binding of small ribosomal subunit to mRNA 4.Binding of a 2nd tRNA with its amino acid to the A site 5.Formation of covalent bond between methionine and second amino acid

The ________ is the site where lipids, triglycerides, and steroids are synthesized, as well as where calcium is stored within the cell.

Proteins tagged with the polypeptide ________ are targeted for degradation by a protein complex called a proteasome.

The codon is A) DNA language coding for a particular amino acid. B) the portion of mRNA that is retained after processing. C) the triplet of nucleotides found in a gene's sequence. D) the genetic code. E) mRNA language coding for a particular amino acid.

Based upon the triplet nature of a codon and the presence of four possible bases, how many possible amino acids might be coded for by mRNA?

What are the tRNA binding sites on the ribosome called?

During what phase of cell division do two new nuclear envelopes begin to redevelop?

Which of the following are NOT embedded in the lipid bilayer at all?

A fatty acid that contains three double bonds in its carbon chain is said to be:

What structure separates the nucleus from the cytosol?

Post-transcriptional processing adds a(n) ________ to the 3' end of the mRNA molecule.

Which of the following components of the plasma membrane forms ion channels?

Components of the electron transport chain are found in what region of a mitochondrion?

Which cellular protein is found in tight junctions?

Okazaki fragments are: A) small sections of DNA that do not code for protein found within a gene. B) small sections of nonsense code found between genes. C) small sections of newly formed DNA, built on the lagging (5' to 3') template strand. D) protein fragments released from a proteasome. E) sections of newly formed DNA, built on the leading (3' to 5') template strand.

What is the layer of carbohydrates on the external surface of a cell called?

What two structural characteristics of proteins are formed by hydrogen bonds between the carboxyl O and the amino H of amino acids within the same protein?

In some cases, signals originating within one cell can diffuse directly to a neighboring cell through:

What is the level of structure that corresponds to the chemical interactions between R groups within the same polypeptide chain?

________ are proteins that form channels between cells, allowing ions and small molecules to diffuse directly from one cell to

If guanine makes up 29% of the nucleotides in a sample of DNA, what percentage of the sample would be adenine?

________ are molecules whose general structure includes a central carbon with a carboxyl group, an amine group, a hydrogen molecule, and a residual (R) group.

What organelle contains alcohol dehydrogenase, used in the liver to metabolize alcohol?

Alpha-helixes and β-pleated sheets are examples of ________ structures of a protein.

Which of the following is NOT a phase of mitosis? A) telophase B) prophase C) metaphase D) anaphase E) meiosis

The CAP region of mRNA is necessary for ________ of translation.

Post-transcriptional processing adds a(n) ________ to the 5' end of the mRNA molecule.

All of the following are basic components of proteins EXCEPT: A) nitrogen. B) carbon. C) potassium. D) oxygen. E) hydrogen.

The leader sequence of any protein that has just been translated functions to A) keep the protein in the cytosol. B) end translation of a protein. C) initiate degradation of an incomplete protein. D) determine the destination of the protein. E) stimulate translation of a protein.

What is the innermost chamber of a mitochondrion called?

Endocytotic vesicles fuse with what organelle?

Where inside a cell is glycogen stored?

Where is the genetic code stored?

Which of the following is NOT found in plasma membranes? A) chromatin B) cholesterol C) carbohydrates D) proteins E) phospholipids

What spherical structures are involved in the transport of nonpolar molecules through the aqueous environment and are composed of a phospholipid monolayer?

Certain epithelial cells have a decided polarity where the ________ membrane faces the lumen of a hollow tube, whereas the ________ membrane faces the extracellular fluid.

What is the extensively branched polymer of hexose found in animals?

________ are molecules that are composed of one or more phosphate groups, a 5-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base.

________ are modified fatty acids that function in intercellular communication and include prostaglandins and thromboxanes.

Which of the following is NOT a function of nucleotides? A) providing substrates for the citric acid cycle B) storing the genetic code C) providing electrons to the electron transport chain D) providing most of the energy for cellular processes E) expressing the genetic code

Which of the following is an example of a fibrous protein? A) collagen B) Na+/K+ pumps C) growth hormone D) hemoglobin E) insulin

________ are molecules that contain primarily carbons and hydrogens linked together by nonpolar covalent bonds.

Which of the following is NOT an amphipathic molecule? A) glycolipid B) glucose C) integral membrane protein D) phospholipid E) connexon

The initiator codon is composed of the sequence:

Which of the following is an amphipathic molecule? A) triglyceride B) peripheral membrane protein C) integral membrane protein D) glycogen E) glucose

What organelle synthesizes most of the ATP used by cells?

The protein ________ is responsible for generating force as microtubular proteins in cilia slide past one another.

Which of the following are found in DNA but not RNA?

Which of the following nucleotide sequences accurately reflects the mRNA that would be produced from the double-stranded DNA shown in the above figure? https://html2-f.scribdassets.com/4msqbneb9c34k8kp/images/1-8cc8653d32.jpg

Which of the following statements about the genetic code is FALSE? A) There are 3 termination codons that do not code for amino acids. B) mRNA is read 3 bases at a time and these units are called codons. C) Each codon is specific for only one amino acid. D) There is one initiator codon and it codes for an amino acid. E) Each amino acid is coded for by only one codon.

Which of the following is an example of a pentose sugar? A) deoxyribose B) glucose C) sucrose D) lactose E) fructose

Formation of peptide bonds occurs by condensation reactions between the ________ group of one amino acid and the ________ group of another.

What junctions allow the passage of small molecules and ions from the cytosol of one cell to that of a neighboring cell?

Which of the following is NOT a function of the initiation factors associated with translation of protein from mRNA? They trigger binding of the small ribosomal subunit to AUG. They form a complex with charged tRNA. They bind to the cap group at the 5' end. They align the first tRNA with the A site on a ribosome. They form a complex with small ribosomal subunits.

Guanine and cytosine are held together by two hydrogen bonds.

Proteases break peptide bonds.

Inclusions are intracellular stores of glycogen or triglycerides.

Cyclic nucleotides form ring structures due to the covalent bonding between an oxygen of the phosphate group and a carbon of the carbohydrate.

Microtubules are dynamic structures in that they may form and disassemble repeatedly in a cell.

The Golgi apparatus sorts and packages proteins into vesicles targeted for their final destination.

The semiconservative nature of the replication of DNA means that a new strand is coupled to an old strand.

Each strand of mRNA is translated by one ribosome at a time.

Helicase catalyzes the unwinding of DNA during transcription.

The exon is cut from the original mRNA sequence, leaving the intron as the portion of mRNA that leaves the nucleus to be translated into a protein.

Cholesterol is the precursor molecule for all steroids in the body.

Movement between cells in an epithelium is called transepithelial transport.

Bonding between Okazaki fragments forms the lagging strand of DNA.

The cytoskeleton suspends the organelles within the cytoplasm.

The innermost compartment of a mitochondrion is called the matrix.

Sucrose is a disaccharide composed of a glucose and a lactose molecule.

The hormone insulin is a peptide hormone consisting of two polypeptides held together by disulfide bridges.

The mitotic spindle forms from the centrosome during cell division.

The mRNA codon UUU codes for the amino acid phenylalanine. Therefore, no other codon can code for phenylalanine.

Vaults direct the development of the mitotic spindle during cell division.

Thymine is a pyrimidine.

Anabolism describes the breakdown of large molecules to smaller molecules.

When insulin is first translated by ribosomes, the initial inactive polypeptide that is formed is called preinsulin.

The anticodon is complementary to the triplet coding for a particular amino acid.

Glycoproteins have a glycogen molecule covalently bound to a protein.

Every adenine nucleotide of DNA will be transcribed into a thymine on the mRNA.

Disulfide bridges contribute to the tertiary structure of proteins by covalent bonds between the sulfhydryl groups on two cysteine amino acids.